The conditions in which the worker is located can have an impact on his health. It is important to know whether a certain profession affects the life and health of an employee. If the harmfulness does not exceed the permissible rate of negative impact on the body of an employee, then such conditions can be considered harmless.
Many factors can have a negative impact on the health of an employee. If the environment or work process is harmful and unfavorable, it can cause a number of negative consequences for the worker.
These consequences include: exacerbation of chronic diseases, the emergence of new diseases, negative changes in the psyche, complete or partial disability. In order for the employee to clearly understand what working conditions he will have to deal with, and what the consequences may be, a special classification of the conditions of workers was introduced according to the degree of its harmfulness.
What are harmful working conditions?
There are such degrees of harmfulness of work:
- first degree of harm.
Unfavorable factors of the working environment can cause a number of negative health changes that disappear if the employee interrupts contact with them for a long time;
- second degree.
Significant changes occur in the work of the employee's body due to the influence of various factors during work. They relate mainly to those organs that suffer the most from this type of activity. An employee may be temporarily unable to work. It is restored some time after the termination of employment;
- third degree.
The employee receives occupational illnesses. Their severity can be mild or moderate. The employee loses his professional ability to work during the performance of his work;
- fourth degree.
Working in such conditions suggests the occurrence of serious diseases. They may be chronic. The employee loses the ability to work in any field.
Harmful factors affecting the health of the worker:
- physical factors;
- chemical factors;
- biological factors;
- labor factors.
All these factors can significantly affect the health and well-being of an employee.
For example, if the production temperature is very low, the worker may experience acute respiratory diseases. And if the employee has to work at night, or the working day exceeds the allowable norms, there may be difficulties with concentration and well-being in general.
With prolonged observance of such a regimen of work, sleep disturbance occurs. The degree of influence of these factors on the life and health of an employee will directly depend on the strength of their influence.
Harmful working conditions by class
List of hazard classes.
- First grade. The conditions are optimal. This category includes workplaces where there are no factors that threaten the life and health of employees. This is a perfectly safe job;
- second class. The possibility of harm to the health of employees is negligible. Recovery of the body should occur by the beginning of the next working day;
- third class. Working conditions are harmful to the health of employees. The impact of adverse factors on the health of the employee is significant. The third class of production hazard is divided into four subgroups:
- The first subgroup of harmful working conditions of the third class. The body of an employee is exposed to the harmful effects of working environment factors. Normalization of all body systems does not have time to occur before the start of the next work shift. The health risk is significant.
- Second subgroup. Persistent changes in the health status of the worker begin. They are harmful to moderate severity, can cause various diseases. The employee completely or partially loses his ability to work after fifteen or more years of work in such conditions.
- Third subgroup. During the performance of work duties, illnesses of mild to moderate severity may occur. The effect of negative factors on the body is persistent and destructive.
- fourth subgroup. Assumes a threat to the life and health of the employee, loss of ability to work in this professional field;
- fourth grade. Dangerous working conditions. The work activity of an employee poses a danger to life and health.
Under such conditions, chronic diseases can worsen. Severe occupational ailments appear.
Assessment of harmful working conditions
SOUT has replaced certification of workplaces.
SOUT - a special assessment of working conditions. This is a set of activities that are carried out in order to assess the conditions in which employees work at a particular enterprise.
When there is an assessment of working conditions, members of a special commission check all possible factors under the influence of which the employee is. All parameters of the production environment are subject to verification.
After their detailed study, the commission assigns one of the hazard classes to the enterprise. Depending on the assigned hazard class, employees are paid benefits and special working conditions are created.
The level of hazard can be reduced if employees use personal protective equipment.
These protective equipment are subject to mandatory certification.
Benefits for harmful working conditions
Employees are entitled to benefits.
Those factors that affect the employees of the enterprise during work often have an adverse effect on the body, disrupting its proper functioning. Sometimes adverse conditions in the workplace can threaten not only the health, but also the life of the employee.
Therefore, each employee who performs his labor duties in conditions of harmfulness is entitled to benefits. Accounting is responsible for calculating them. The size and form of benefits are determined depending on the class and degree of harmfulness of working conditions.
Benefits that are due for working in harmful conditions: timely pension on special conditions, provision of milk and other products to employees, changes in working hours, monetary compensation.
For example, a typical work week is 40 hours. If there are harmful working conditions, the working week is reduced to 36 hours.
Labor legislation allows a significant reduction in hours in the presence of exposure to harmful factors.
If the length of the working week is 36 hours, one shift can last no more than 8 hours. If the working week is 30 hours, then the shift can last no more than 6 hours.
Leave for harmful working conditions
Extra leave available.
An employee of any enterprise necessarily receives a well-deserved paid vacation. Those employees whose activities are associated with hazardous production are entitled to additional leave. Such leave is given to the employee in addition to the main one.
Additional leave is available to those who:
- works in adverse conditions, for example, in conditions of low air temperature;
- is employed in an enterprise where there is a harmful effect during the performance of labor activity;
- performs work of a special nature;
- has an irregular work schedule.
Certificate of absence of harmful working conditions
An employee may request a certificate.
Each employee can receive a certificate in which the conditions of his work will be prescribed. You can get it by contacting the accounting department. Help is written in free form.
It must clearly spell out all the nuances of working at a particular enterprise: how harmful are the working conditions; how long should the shift be? what benefits and compensations are relied upon for specific working conditions.
Such a certificate may contain information that the employee, due to any factors of labor activity, is entitled to special seniority and early retirement. A certificate of this nature must contain complete information about the enterprise and the employee.
It is mandatory to attach job evaluation data and the employee's personal card. Sometimes employees need a certificate stating that their work does not have a negative impact on their health. If the working conditions meet these requirements, the accounting department will issue such a certificate.
From this video you will learn about compensation payments for harmful working conditions.
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Hello! In this article we will tell you what working conditions are considered harmful or dangerous.
Today you will learn:
- Who can work in enterprises with harmful working conditions (VUT);
- How such conditions are prescribed in labor contracts;
- What are the benefits for employees.
What is the difference between harmful and dangerous working conditions
Note that there is a significant difference between these two terms: if we are talking about harmful working conditions, then it is understood that the human body is affected by factors that can further adversely affect the state of health.
If we are talking about dangerous conditions, then it means that harm can be done not only to the health, but also to the life of the employee.
How to determine how harmful production is
In order to identify how harmful or dangerous production is and how these factors affect workers, workplaces are certified. This process affects all jobs that are in the enterprise.
What if the organization has recently started its activity? In this case, certification is carried out 2 months after the start of work.
For each workplace, it is established to what extent it complies with safety requirements, labor protection, and to what extent employees are provided with protective equipment. An assessment of working conditions in the complex is also carried out.
VUT factors
Subdivided into several groups. We will take a closer look at each.
Chemical.
Associated with various chem. mixtures, enzymes, hormones and biological substances that are obtained as a result of chemical synthesis.
Physical.
- Humidity;
- Radiation;
- Vibration;
- Dust;
- Lighting (insufficient or excessive), while uneven, with pulsation.
Biological.
- The presence of microorganisms, bacteria;
- Associated with biological mixtures and substances
Labor.
- Tension of activity;
- High duration of the working process;
- Severity level of work.
How are they classified
It is clear that difficult working conditions can cause negative consequences of a different nature: disability, exacerbation of diseases that already exist, the acquisition of work-related diseases, and so on.
The degrees of harmful working conditions are divided as follows:
- 1 class: these are conditions that provoke various functional changes. At the same time, health is restored when a person stops contacting harmful factors;
- Grade 2: changes in the body take on a stable character and lead to the fact that prof. diseases;
- 3rd grade: these conditions can cause disability (albeit temporary) during the implementation of activities;
- 4th grade: such conditions provoke the development of prof. diseases in severe form, stimulate the development of existing diseases and can cause complete disability.
In the Russian Federation, a list of works that are harmful has been developed and is in force. It is he who is addressed when it is necessary to determine the harmfulness of working conditions in a particular industry.
List of occupations with harmful working conditions
This register is valid for the current year. Initially, it was developed and fixed back in the USSR.
It includes the following range of professions:
- Persons who work in enterprises related to the mining industry;
- Working in the field of metallurgy;
- Mining black and non-ferrous metal;
- Persons employed in enterprises for the production of thermoanthracite, coke and coke chemicals;
- Those who produce generator gas;
- Workers creating dinas products;
- Employees of companies with a chemical line of business;
- Working with ammunition, gunpowder, explosives;
- Employees of oil refineries;
- Employees of gas processing enterprises;
- Persons processing coal, gas condensate and shale;
- Employed in metalworking enterprises;
- Persons employed in electrical industries and repairing electrical devices;
- Persons engaged in the manufacture of electronics and radio equipment;
- Persons who create glass and porcelain objects;
- Citizens working with synthetic fibers;
- Employees of enterprises producing paper and pulp;
- Working in healthcare institutions;
- transport service employees;
- Persons who deal with substances with radioactivity;
- Carrying out activities in the field of nuclear industry and energy;
- divers;
- gas cutters;
- Welders who work inside the tank or ship compartments;
- Persons who interact with dangerous microbes;
- Specialists in etching metal in solutions that are dangerous;
- Specialists who clean metal with quartz sand;
- Specialists of mercury substations;
- Citizens who are employees of power plants;
- Employees of enterprises related to the food industry;
- engaged in the restoration, repair and construction of facilities;
- Employees of enterprises in the field of communication services;
- Employees of agricultural organizations interacting with agrochemicals;
- Specialists in training in the chemical industry;
- Specialists in training in the mining industry;
- Specialists in training in the coal industry;
- Lime removers;
- locksmiths;
- Vulcanizers;
- Stokers;
- Solderers;
- machinists;
- Varnishers.
The individuals listed on this list are eligible citizens.
Who cannot work in positions with VUT
There are a number of restrictions on the performance of official duties of this kind. Moreover, these restrictions are established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with it, restrictions apply to the following persons:
- For employees under the age of 18;
- For people with health problems;
- For females. In particular, they cannot work with mercury, in boiler rooms, in jobs where you need to manually move heavy objects, and maintain equipment at heavy engineering enterprises.
Harmful working conditions in an employment contract
If the profession involves the possibility of causing damage to the health or life of a person, the following items should be included in:
- Information on the payment of benefits, compensation and leave to the employee;
- Information about all existing risks (with their classification);
- Information about the measures that the employer takes to preserve the life and health of its employees.
In addition to the specified information, the contract specifies all the guarantees that are provided to the employee.
Be sure to stipulate the mode of working hours, which is reduced. It should not be more than 36 hours per week. The maximum daily work can last 8 hours or even 6.
How is it paid
For persons of harmful professions there is an increased amount of wages. What it is exactly, the employer establishes, taking into account the opinion of the trade union organization or based on collective and labor agreements.
Employee rights
Persons who work in enterprises with harmful and difficult working conditions have a number of rights and benefits.
Therapeutic and preventive nutrition, obtaining vitamins.
Meals and vitamins are provided to employees absolutely free of charge. Issued on the day that was actually worked out by the person, or when the employee lost his ability to work, but was not hospitalized.
Meals can be provided as breakfast or lunch.
Milk.
Milk is issued free of charge if the employee writes a statement to this effect, or the issue can be replaced by compensation, if this does not contradict the collective agreement.
Passing a medical examination.
An employee engaged in hazardous and hazardous work not only has the right, but also the obligation. The order of passage is regulated by regulatory documents.
In addition, some categories of workers are examined by a psychiatrist. It is held once every 5 years. It is usually carried out if a person works with harmful substances or with sources of increased danger.
Availability of PPE.
The employer ensures the issuance of special clothing, footwear, disinfectants and washing agents. All this at his expense, and for employees - free of charge. In addition, he must ensure that clothes are washed, dried, and replaced.
Appointment of a pension before the appropriate age.
Men over the age of 50 and women over the age of 45 are eligible for early retirement. In this case, it is taken into account in what conditions they carried out their labor activity. If a person worked in a hot shop, in other jobs with harmful or difficult working conditions, he can exercise this right.
Persons of what professions can apply for a preferential pension, we will analyze further.
| No. p / p | Field of activity | Requirements |
| 1 | agricultural production | Men working as machinists can retire at 50 |
| 2 | healthcare | Regardless of gender and age, if there is a work experience of 25 years in a village or 30 years in an urban environment |
| 3 | Educational sphere | For teachers, 25 years of experience is enough to accrue a preferential pension |
| 4 | Textile industry | The retirement age is reduced if a woman has worked for 20 years |
| 5 | FSIN system | For men - age 55 and experience 15 years, for women - 50 years and experience 10 years |
| 6 | Sphere of civil aviation and fishing industry | For men - the experience of 25 years, for women - 20 years, and the age of 55 and 50 years |
| 7 | Fire Service, Ministry of Emergency Situations | Similar to the previous paragraph |
| 8 | Public transport workers | For female and male drivers - age 55 and 50 years, experience - 20 and 15 years |
| 9 | underground production | For men - the age of 50 years, if he has worked in this area for 10 years, and his total experience is 20 years. For women - 7 years in this field, total experience - 15 years. She can retire at 45 |
| 10 | Persons working as drivers of locomotives and diesel locomotives | Men - experience 25 years, age 55, women - experience 20 years, age 50 |
| 11 | Exploration workers | Men - age 55, experience 12.5 years, women - age 50, experience - 10 years |
The FIU may require a certificate confirming the harmfulness of the profession. It must be taken to work.
Leave for harmful working conditions
To receive this leave, a person's workplace must be classified as 2, 3 or 4 hazard class. Then this right is prescribed immediately at the conclusion of the employment contract.
If the certification of workplaces was carried out before 2014, such employees can also apply for.
Any employee has the right to know whether the working conditions in which he works are harmful. To do this, after the certification, the management acquaints all employees with its results against signature.
When determining the duration of such leave, it must be taken into account that it cannot be less than seven calendar days. But you can set more days on an individual basis.
In order for the main and additional leave to be issued, they initially develop a vacation schedule, which is logical. Whether there will be specific dates in it, or only the month in which the employee goes on vacation is indicated, the manager decides.
If an employee performing hazardous work is a part-time worker in a particular organization, he also has the right to additional. vacation. But its duration will be calculated based on how much he actually worked in production with harmful or dangerous working conditions.
Cannot replace add. leave with financial compensation. Compensation is only allowed if the person did not use their vacation. Then he gets the money.
Conclusion
Dear readers! Today we tried to tell as much as possible about harmful and dangerous working conditions. We also considered how to conclude an agreement with employees working in difficult conditions, what to fix in it.
We hope that this article will be useful and will help managers not to make mistakes.
When hiring, during employment, as well as extraordinary, depending on the state of health. Such workers, in particular, include workers who work in jobs with harmful or dangerous working conditions. They undergo mandatory medical examinations when applying for a job and periodic medical examinations to determine their state of health. This is necessary to understand whether the employee can perform his job duties, as well as to timely diagnose the occurrence of occupational diseases.
Harmful and dangerous production factors
Order No. 302n regulates the procedure for conducting inspections and their frequency. However, the list of harmful and dangerous factors themselves, when working with which it is necessary to undergo examinations, is also approved by this order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia, adopted on 12.04.2011.
Harmful factors by order No. 302n
It is the responsibility of the employer to organize a pre-employment medical examination or a scheduled examination of employees during their working life. Harmful production factors in order 302n, which make certain types of activities harmful and even hazardous to health, are contained in Appendix 1. The list of factors is presented in the form of a table divided into several columns:
- p / p number;
- a group of substances that are harmful to health;
- frequency of medical examination;
- specialists who take part in the inspection;
- medical procedures and examinations that employees need to undergo;
- additional medical contraindications.
Appendix 2 approved the directory of factors of order 302n by profession. It is also designed as a table with five columns:
- activity, profession in which it is necessary to undergo an examination;
- the frequency of medical examinations;
- doctors who take part in the examination;
- studies and procedures to be completed;
- additional contraindications.
The table of harmful factors by profession in order 302n is very detailed. Harmful factors are divided into chemical (among them are allergens, carcinogens, natural asbestos, clay and cement, etc.); biological factors including compound feed, biological toxins (animal or plant poisons), etc.; physical factors, including various types of radiation, industrial noise, etc., as well as labor process factors, in particular, various overloads.
For each factor, it is prescribed how often and which medical specialists should conduct a medical examination of workers who have to work in harmful or dangerous conditions in accordance with the listed factors.
The table of order No. 302n with harmful production factors by profession from Appendix 1 can be downloaded below.
Each profession in some way negatively affects human health. Most activities can lead to psychophysical problems. Emotional, moral tension - all this only exacerbates the resulting physical load. But a number of specialties associated with negative physical, chemical and biological factors are singled out in a special group. People working in such areas receive appropriate compensation for harm.
List of occupations with harmful working conditions
Specialties associated with the industrial sphere are distinguished by a high detrimental effect on a person. For example, the preparation of chemical mixtures, compositions, processing of raw materials, the manufacture of non-ferrous / ferrous metals - all this negatively affects physical health due to the chemical additives used. Professions related to medical, laboratory research, including the use of harmful reagents, do no less damage to the human body.
The special conditions observed in such industries cannot fully reflect the negative impact. Therefore, state and private enterprises assume material compensation for the work done (allowances, bonuses, allocation of funds for visiting boarding houses). These areas of activity with harmful conditions include:
- metallurgy (production and processing of metals);
- chemical industry;
- rubber processing;
- military sphere;
- protective or rescue professions.
No less harmful can be considered the conditions under which there is a strong psychophysical load. For example, working with the seriously ill, prisoners, and developmentally retarded people can have a negative impact on the morale of employees. In particular, this applies to employees of narcological and oncological centers, psychiatric clinics, specialized boarding houses for military personnel who have been in hot spots.
Harmful and dangerous working conditions - list of professions
Productions associated with chemical and biological factors of influence can be not only harmful, but also dangerous. Specialties associated with heavy physical exertion are no less a threat to the human body. The most dangerous areas in the world include the following areas:
- Installation and repair of electrical networks.
- Shipbuilding, ship repair, mechanical engineering, aircraft building.
- Extraction and processing of coal, stone breeds.
- Oil and gas industry.
- Extraction of hazardous chemical elements.
- Forestry work.
Some types of professions (for example, in chemical laboratories, in metal production shops) are prohibited to women. A direct effect on the body, a decrease in immunity can lead to problems with childbearing. In some cases, insufficient physical fitness is another contraindication for women to work in production.
List of professions with especially harmful working conditions
The manufacture of explosives, ammunition, work with radioactive elements, radiation sources belongs to the section of especially dangerous. They can cause irreparable harm to health. Of particular danger is working with elements that can irradiate cells and lead to their mutation. This category also includes work at nuclear, thermal power plants.
List of harmful professions for early retirement
Receiving an early pension is determined not only by the type of activity of a specialist, but also by the length of service. Recalculation of the retirement age is made according to the following rules: for men, one year of full-time work is counted as 2 years, for women, 1 year of hazardous work is counted as 2 years and 4 months. The following types of activities and types of production fall under these benefits:
- glass, porcelain, faience;
- printing, pulp and paper;
- electrotechnical;
- building;
- transport.
Special attention should be paid to institutions involved in health control, checking the safety of individual elements and sources. They are also dangerous and involve receiving a preferential pension due to the high harmfulness.
Any profession can have a negative impact on human health. However, there are certain branches of labor activity where employees directly risk life and health. The list of professions with harmful working conditions is established at the legislative level, such lists were compiled back in Soviet times and approved by the Cabinet of Ministers. For citizens employed in such industries, a number of social benefits are provided, including early access to a well-deserved rest.
Employers are now using a more productive system of rewards and compensation for physical injury. In addition, there are special state programs aimed at supporting this category of employed citizens.
Classification of working conditions
According to the current legislation, all labor activity is conditionally divided into 4 categories, each of which is based on the degree of risk factors for health and life:
- optimal - a healthy microclimate is maintained and maintained on the territory and in the interior, which positively affects labor productivity;
- acceptable - normal conditions are maintained, the level of harmful factors does not exceed acceptable standards;
- harmful - permissible norms are exceeded, which causes harm to human health;
- dangerous - working conditions can cause serious bodily harm, sometimes pose a threat to life.
In turn, harmful and dangerous industries are divided among themselves into 4 degrees of severity:
- The changes that have begun in the human body are reversible and usually appear after the end of work. Such ailments are called "occupational diseases" in medical slang;
- Pathological changes are more pronounced and often lead to temporary disability (a person regularly goes on sick leave). Here, chronic ailments caused by professional activities most often develop;
- Irreversible processes take place in the body that can lead to partial disability;
- Severe functional disorders of internal organs and systems occur, which in advanced cases leads to the assignment of a non-working disability group.
It must be understood that the classification of harmful working conditions is carried out at the legislative level, and the degree of harmfulness of a certain production is assessed by authorized organizations and supervisory authorities. Usually inspections in this area are carried out by representatives of the labor inspectorate and Rostrud.
The activities of the employees of these departments are based on the following legal framework:
- Articles of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation;
- Government Decree No. 198;
- Government Decree No. 188;
- Federal bill No. 426 regulating the procedure for assessing working conditions.
These legal documents regulate labor relations between employers and employees engaged in hazardous industries.
Determination of the degree of harmfulness
The following factors are considered to be normative indicators that determine the degree of harmfulness:
- increased concentration of dust on the territory and inside the premises, which leads to its settling in the lungs, making it difficult for the respiratory system to work;
- poor-quality lighting, depressing effect on the psyche, negatively affecting the organs of vision;
- loud noise;
- radioactive and other wave radiation capable of causing harm to health;
- constant vibrational vibrations;
- high humidity and high temperatures;
- interaction with pathogens, dangerous viruses, chemically active components and highly toxic substances;
- difficult working conditions, strenuous labor activity that can lead to mental disorders.
Of course, these are rather vague formulations, and for sure many citizens can classify their profession as harmful and dangerous. To avoid labor disputes and misunderstandings, there is a list of professions established at the state level, which takes into account all potentially dangerous areas of work.
A complete list of professions that are recognized as harmful and dangerous
- Mining;
- Metallurgical, associated with ferrous and non-ferrous metals;
- Coke chemical and producing thermoanthracite substances;
- Engaged in the production of generator gas;
- Dinas products;
- Chemical enterprises;
- Production lines for the production of ammunition and explosives;
- Oil and gas processing, including the extraction of gas condensate, coal, shale;
- Metalworking;
- Electrotechnical, including repair of electrical devices;
- Production of radio equipment and complex electronics;
- Enterprises engaged in the production of building materials;
- Manufacture of products made of glass or porcelain;
- Pulp and paper mills;
- Producing medicines, medicines and biomaterials;
- healthcare enterprises;
- Printing;
- Transport and technical services;
- Research laboratories associated with the study of radioactive radiation, any profession whose representatives are exposed to ionizing radiation;
- Nuclear industry and energy;
- Diving works;
- Employees directly associated with dangerous viruses and bacteria;
- Electric and gas welders performing work inside closed compartments, metal containers and tanks;
- Enterprises engaged in etching of metals in chemically hazardous solutions;
- Employees of workshops and production lines involved in cleaning metal surfaces with sandblasting machines using quartz sand;
- Mercury substations;
- Personnel employed at power plants and power trains;
- food industry;
- Organizations performing repair and restoration, restoration and construction work;
- Enterprises engaged in the provision of communication services;
- Film copying enterprises;
- Agrochemical complexes;
- The teaching staff involved in the training of personnel for the chemical industry.
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Professions that give the right to early retirement
The second list includes less harmful professions, but long-term employment in this area can adversely affect health. These include:
- positions related to the processing of minerals;
- metallurgy;
- gas electric welders;
- railway workers;
- persons employed in food industry enterprises;
- health workers;
- peat mining;
- employees of agrochemical complexes;
- communication enterprises;
- electrical engineers and specialists involved in the repair of electrical equipment;
- construction specialties.
The following conditions apply for early retirement benefits:
- Men - at least 12 and a half years of experience, retirement at 55;
- Women - at least 10 years of experience, retirement at 50.
List of benefits and compensations
For representatives of dangerous and harmful professions, a number of benefits are provided, which must be strictly observed by the employer. This includes the following items:
- free and regular provision of overalls, footwear and personal protective equipment in accordance with the regulations of the enterprise;
- providing additional days to paid annual leave;
- additional payment for special working conditions: at least 4% of the official salary;
- shortened work week: such citizens cannot be employed more than 36 hours a week;
- issuance of medical nutrition: dairy and sour-milk products, material compensation is allowed, paid monthly;
- annual medical examination at the expense of the enterprise, in some cases an additional medical examination is allowed before performing certain duties.
These measures are mandatory for every employer whose employees are involved in industries hazardous to health and life. The heads of enterprises have no right to refuse to issue medical nutrition to employees or material compensation for not receiving it. In addition, the employer cannot oblige such employees to purchase personal protective equipment and other equipment necessary for the safe performance of work at their own expense.
