Trumpet musical instrument sound. Trumpet (musical instrument). One of the oldest creations

The musical wind instrument trumpet is a representative of devices for the formation of the sound of the alto-soprano register. Among similar instruments, this one has the highest sound. The pipe has been used since ancient times, then it was used as a signal. She entered the orchestra already around the 17th century. After the valve mechanism was invented, the trumpet plays the role of a full-fledged instrument for playing classical music. The tone is bright and brilliant. The instrument can be used as a solo performer in brass and symphony orchestras, in jazz and similar genres.

Story

This instrument is one of the most ancient. The first mention of such devices arose in the period of about 3600 years. Many civilizations used pipes - and Ancient Egypt, and Ancient China, and Ancient Greece, and other cultures, used the likeness of pipes as signaling instruments. For many centuries this was the main role of this invention.

In the Middle Ages, the army necessarily had trumpeters who were able to transmit a sound order to other units located at a considerable distance from each other. In those days, the trumpet (musical instrument), although it did not fully fulfill its functions, was still an elite art to play it. Only specially selected people were trained in this skill. In calm, non-war times, trumpeters were obligatory participants in holidays and knightly tournaments. In large cities, there were special tower trumpeters, signaling the arrival of significant people, the change of seasons, the advance of enemy troops, or other important events.

Shortly before the advent of the Renaissance, new technologies made it possible to produce a more perfect musical instrument. The trumpet began to participate in the performances of the orchestra. In addition, trumpet players have become much more virtuoso by learning the art of the clarino. This word denoted the transmission of diatonic sounds with the help of blowing. can be safely considered the "golden age of the natural pipe". Since the advent of the classical and romantic age, which puts melody as the basis of everything, the natural trumpet has receded into the background as incapable of reproducing melodic lines. And only for the performance of the main steps of the scale in orchestras was the trumpet used.

modern trumpet

The musical instrument, which received a valve mechanism in the middle of the 19th century, at first did not have a well-deserved fame. The reason is that most of the sounds were not yet pure intonation and did not have the same timbre. Increasingly, the transmission of the upper voice began to be entrusted to the cornet, since its timbre was much softer, and specifications more perfect. But at the beginning of the century, when the design of the trumpet was improved, the cornets had to leave the orchestra. Finally, the trumpet was able to show all the sounds that are required in an orchestra from wind instruments. Currently, parts previously created for cornets are performed by the trumpet. The musical instrument, the photo of which is attached to the article, was able to fully reproduce the scale, thanks to the most advanced mechanism.

Today, the instrument is used in orchestras when performing ska music, as well as as a solo artist.

Pipe structure

Copper and brass are the materials from which the pipe is most often made. A musical instrument made of silver or other metals is much rarer. Even in ancient times, a method of manufacturing from a single sheet of metal was invented.

This musical instrument has an interesting form. The pipe, as it is called due to its shape, the curves of which are really only made for compactness, is just a long tube. The mouthpiece has a slight constriction, while the bell has an expansion. The main length of the pipe is cylindrical. It is this form that contributes to the brightness of the timbre. In the manufacturing process, it is extremely important to accurately calculate not only the length, but also the correct expansion of the bell - this determines the structure of the instrument. However, the essence remains the same: this musical instrument is a long pipe and nothing more.

The game

The principle of the game is to obtain harmonic consonances by changing the position of the lips and the length of the air column, which is achieved using the valve mechanism. Three gates are used, making it possible to lower the sound by a tone, one and a half or half a tone. Pressing several valves at the same time allows you to lower the instrument's tuning to three tones. It is in this way that the chromatic scale is achieved.

There are varieties that have a fourth valve, which makes it possible to lower the system by five semitones.

Game technique

Having high technical mobility, the trumpet perfectly performs diatonic passages, arpeggios and so on. Breathing is used very economically, so it is quite possible to play phrases of great length and bright timbre.

Valve trills work great on modern instruments.

Varieties

The most popular type is the B-flat trumpet, which sounds a tone lower than the notes written for it indicate. At present, notes are written from mi of a small octave to the third octave, but it is still possible to extract higher sounds from the instrument. The modern design of the trumpet makes it possible for it to play all the necessary keys, rarely switching to the trumpet beloved by the Americans in the C system.

In addition, today there are three more very common earlier.

The alto trumpet is a musical instrument designed to sound almost a fourth below the written notes. This instrument is necessary for the transmission of low-register sounds (for example, Rachmaninov's Third Symphony). However, now this pipe is rarely used, most often it is replaced by a flugelhorn.

Bass trumpet - a musical instrument, the photo of which is easy to find in any music school, sounds an octave lower than a regular pipe. At the same time, a large nonu is lower than the proposed notes. Used until the second half of the 20th century. Now it is successfully replaced by a trombone - similar in structure, register and timbre.

Piccolo trumpet. Constructed at the end of the 19th century, but today it is experiencing a new wave of popularity due to the interest in early music. They are used in the B-flat style, while for sharp keys it can also be rebuilt into the A system. It has four valves, not three, like a large pipe. The musical instrument is used with a smaller mouthpiece, but this affects the technical mobility and timbre.

Repertoire

Although modern trumpets that can play melodic lines without limitation are relatively recent, there is a huge amount of solo work that has been created for real instruments. Today they are performed on a small (piccolo) trumpet. Many wrote for the trumpet Haydn, Weinberg, Blacher, Shchedrin, Bach, Molter, Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Mahler, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and many others, no less

Pipe structure

The staccato technique on the trumpet is brilliant and swift (with the exception of the most extreme registers). Single, double and triple staccato are obtained with the utmost distinctness.

Most valve trills work well on modern trumpets.

Mute application

The mute on the trumpet is used quite often, if necessary, to change the strength of the sound (cup mute fungus, bouquet, plungers and hats) or more often the timbre (ordinary pear). Mute for classical trumpet ( pear) - a pear-shaped blank made of nickel, inserted into the socket. forte sounds harsh and grotesque due to the ringing overtones created by the trembling of the pipe wall, where the mute almost blocks the air outlet (similar to the stoppage on the horn), and Piano with such a mute gives the effect of sounding in the distance, while maintaining the typical crackling of the sound, also in modern music used pear-shaped mute cup(whole mute fungus) it gives a soft, slightly whiny sound. Jazz trumpeters use a wide variety of types of mutes to create all sorts of sound effects - growls, croaks, etc. Chief among them are rectified pear, which opens the exit (the sound is sharp and hard, but without a ringing tone and crackling), a quiet distant sound is impossible on a straight mute, Harmon- a bulb with an air outlet rod, used to create a sound in the distance (which is better than on a regular bulb, since there is no crackling) and for meow-meow effects (using rod movements) - Harmon always sounds only quietly and in the distance . Such mute as Waver and Bouquet are made of wood and have nothing to do with pear (straight and harmon are modified pears to enhance their properties in loud and quiet sonority). Bouquet is a wooden cone (the sound diffuses and has a slightly clarinet tint), which gives the timbre a sweetish, somewhat laughing tone typical of love lyrics (the timbre of the alto trumpet is distorted most strongly by the bouquet, it has a completely hoarse sound). More often, however, to soften the sound is used cup pear (fungus), more universal in the genre of music. (since it muffles the sound a lot, in jazz, which requires strict tessitura dynamics with the hegemony of "female" voices, cup pear or fungus is more often used on trombones, in symphonic music it is used equally on trumpets and trombones) Waver gives a howling sound. Tablets (or Plungers) are external mutes in the form of hats, cups, both closed and with holes, made of copper and wood, there are also plastic, soft plastic and even rubber hats (rubber hat is the famous frog that sounds in Chatanuga ChuChu Glenn Miller). Big Hat (" deep tablet") does not change the timbre a little, but most of all the mutes dampen the power of the sound (used for a particularly quiet sound). The famous cupronickel bowls deserve special attention - Ellington's open mute (it is more correct to say Ellington's orchestra mute, which was introduced by his trumpeter Kuti Williams), giving an unimaginable not that a laughing, not quite groaning sound, especially effective when used in parallel with a double mute (an inner mini pear with a sweeter sound and an inner mini pear - a double mute pear tablet is used in the famous Caravan). Latin American music (Cuba, Venezuela, Brazil) - his timbre is brilliant, slightly trembling.

Pipe varieties

The most common type of trumpet is the B-flat (in B) trumpet, which sounds a tone lower than its written notes. American orchestras often also use the C (in C) trumpet, which does not transpose and has a slightly brighter, more open sound than the in B trumpet. e(mi small octave) to c 3 (up to the third octave), in modern music and jazz it is possible to extract even higher sounds. Notes are written in the treble clef, as a rule, without key marks, one tone higher than the actual sound for the trumpet in B, and in accordance with the actual sound for the trumpet in C. Before the advent of the valve mechanism and for some time after that, there were pipes in literally every possible tunings: in D, in Es, in E, in F, in G and in A, each of which was intended to facilitate the performance of music in a certain key. With the improvement in the skill of trumpeters and the improvement in the design of the trumpet itself, the need for so many instruments disappeared, and the instrument's tube itself became shorter and thicker (its system changed by an octave, although the tessitura remained the same). Nowadays, music in all keys is performed either on the trumpet in B, or very rarely on the trumpet in C.

Among other varieties of pipes are now common:

• piccolo trumpet(small pipe). The variety, constructed at the end of the 19th century, is currently experiencing a new upsurge in connection with the revived interest in early music (baroque), especially the music of J.S. Bach. Used in B-flat (in B) tuning and can be tuned to A (in A) tuning for sharp keys. Unlike a conventional pipe, it has four valves and is rebuilt in the F or E flat system (depending on the crown being replaced). Many trumpeters use a smaller mouthpiece for the small trumpet, which, however, affects the timbre of the instrument and its technical mobility. Prominent snare trumpet players include Wynton Marsalis, Maurice André, Hocken Hardenberger. Usually, a small trumpet is notated not in B flat (transposes up a seventh), but in E flat or F (like other small instruments), since the need for ultra-high sounds, at which it is rebuilt into B flat octavino, occurs quite rarely and the trumpeter always plays with the fourth gate pressed. The timbre of the small trumpet is sharper and brighter; on the whole, it retains the lightness of the trumpet timbre. The snare trumpet is used mainly to extend the range up, given that most composers like to write higher and higher than the trumpet, feeling the incredible beauty of its higher register (although it is incredibly difficult if not played on the snare trumpet). Sometimes the snare trumpet is used in connection with the specifics of its timbre in a very coquettish major, and sometimes it is used in tragic climaxes, as a passionate cry of the soul. Especially often the small trumpet is used in connection with stylistics in neo-baroque episodes and in jazz episodes, with the characteristic style of high register trumpeters (Wynton Marsalis, Kat Anderson, Arturo Sandoval). The snare trumpet sounds stronger and brighter than the regular trumpet (which is common with all small instruments).

• viola trumpet in G or in F, sounding a pure fourth or fifth below the written notes and originally intended for playing sounds in a low register, was created by order of Rimsky-Korsakov, for brass bands, where there was not enough alto instrument of the trombone group (now the tenor trombone is played in the highest register of the alto trombone part without difficulty and the alto trumpet went to the place that nature has prepared for it - an instrument of characteristic genre and timbre). However, her extremely unusual timbre forced her to be used right there in Mlada's own opera. The famous motive Carmen from Bizet's opera is ALWAYS played on the alto trumpet, as it seems to be specially created for this instrument in terms of timbre, but it is almost NOT playable on a regular trumpet (the trumpet in the A system is now out of use). It is clear that this is the most important instrument after the small trumpet and is common in France, Spain, the countries of the New World (in our country, where it is extremely rare, the motive of Carmen is played on the trombone - an example of terrible barbarism). Many Russian composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries drew attention to its unusual timbre (at that time it was just especially popular in Russia). Among them are Shostakovich and Rachmaninov - the Third Symphony, where this trumpet is entrusted with the traditional Motif of Languor for romanticism. In brass bands, in those episodes where her special sonority is sickening, her part is performed either on a high tenor trombone (in the alto key), or more often, if there are no low notes, a flugelhorn is used. The timbre of the Alto Trumpet is extremely specific, so it is used quite rarely and in no way to extend the range down (this is too expensive, besides, it is disgusting in music of inappropriate content, since it differs in timbre from a regular trumpet). Extremely sharp, very strong (this is the most sonorous brass instrument), incredibly passionate, almost burning, its timbre is somewhat reminiscent of the timbre of a low female voice (contralto). Oddly enough, it also sounds good in the high register, which is why some trumpeters imitate its timbre on a regular trumpet, using only a special external mute plunger (Ellington), and a special lip setting for extended vibrato (which is why it has become a very rare instrument). Her forte is thunderous, and the nuances of the finest languor are available in the piano. In connection with the timbre, its scope is limited - tragic love lyrics, pathetic exclamations, images of stormy (sometimes even fatal) passions, the apotheosis of joy obtained by blood. In general, her sphere is dramatic (mainly love) lyrics. In marches and waltzes, it would sound funny and wild.

• bass trumpet in B, which sounds an octave below the usual trumpet and a major non below the written notes. Its wide use is hindered, firstly, by its structure, which is why the trombone trombone does not play it - a performer on an instrument similar to it in register and structure. However, in terms of timbre, it is very different from the tenor trombone and even from the trumpet. Its timbre is even more specific than that of the alto trumpet, and it is all the more difficult for it to find a worthy application (this is the second reason for the rarity of this instrument). Bass Trumpet designed by Wagner, but in different tunings and shape. It was immediately used as a characteristic timbre in the operas of the Ring of the Nibelung cycle. Improved by order of Richard Strauss and used by him (modern form that has not changed to this day). Its timbre, severe and terrible, is suitable for the most tragic images, majestic monologues, ominous fanfare, images of suffering. The sound strength is higher than that of all trombones, but does not reach the strength of the Alto, and even the snare trumpet (but the bass trumpet is stronger than the usual soprano trumpet). In brass bands, the bass trumpet is played not by a trombonist, but by a tenorhorn player (since it is easier for him to master the valve technique, and the tessitura of the tenorhorn and trombone are similar).

Repertoire

Although chromatic trumpets, capable of playing melodic lines without limitation, appeared only at the beginning of the 19th century, there are a large number of solo works written for natural instruments that are currently played on the snare trumpet.

Solo compositions

chromatic trumpet

• Joseph Haydn Es-dur
• Johann Hummel - Trumpet Concerto in E-dur (often performed in Es-dur)
• Alexandra Pakhmutova - Concerto for trumpet and orchestra (1955)
• Albert Lortzing - Introduction and Variations for trumpet and orchestra in B-dur
• George Enescu - "Legend" for trumpet and piano
• Sergei Vasilenko - Concerto for trumpet and orchestra
• Alexander Gedicke - Concerto for trumpet and orchestra; Concert etude for trumpet and piano
• Malcolm Arnold - Fantasia for trumpet and piano
• Alexander Harutyunyan - Concerto for trumpet and orchestra As-dur
• Mieczysław Weinberg - Concerto for trumpet and orchestra
• Paul Hindemith - Sonata for trumpet and piano; Concerto for trumpet and bassoon and orchestra
• Henri Tomasi - Concerto for trumpet and orchestra; Triptych
• Boris Blacher - Concerto for small trumpet and orchestra
• Alan Hovaness - "Prayer of St. Gregory" for trumpet and string orchestra; "Come back and revive the abandoned villages" concerto for trumpet and wind instruments
• Rodion Shchedrin - Concerto for trumpet and orchestra

natural pipe

• Johann Sebastian Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 F-dur
• Michael Haydn - Concert D-dur
• Johann Molter - three concertos
• Leopold Mozart - Concert
• Georg Philipp Telemann - Concerto for trumpet and strings in D-dur
• Giuseppe Torelli - Sonata for trumpet and strings D-dur

Solo in the orchestra

• Johann Sebastian Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F-dur; Mass in h-moll; Christmas Oratorio; Magnificat; Suite for Orchestra No. 3 in D-dur
• Béla Bartók - Concerto for orchestra (movements I, II and V)
• Ludwig van Beethoven - Leonore Overtures No. 2 and No. 3
• Johannes Brahms - Academic holiday overture; Symphony No. 2
• Aaron Copland - ballets "Quiet City" and "Rodeo"
• Claude Debussy - "Sea"; "Celebrations"
• George Gershwin - "An American in Paris"; Concerto F-dur (part II)
• Gustav Mahler - Symphonies No. 1 (movement I), No. 2 (movements I, II, III, V), No. 3 (offstage solo), No. 5 (movements I, III, V)
• Modest Mussorgsky (arranged by Maurice Ravel) - Pictures at an Exhibition ("Walk", "Two Jews")
• Maurice Ravel - Piano Concerto G-dur (movements I and III)
• Ottorino Respighi - symphonic suite "The Pines of Rome" (movements I, II and IV)
• Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - suite "Scheherazade" (parts III and IV); Spanish capriccio (part IV)
• Alexander Scriabin - Symphony No. 3 ("Divine Poem"); "Poem of Ecstasy"; "Prometheus"
• Dmitri Shostakovich - Piano Concerto No. 1 c-moll (with solo trumpet)
• Richard Strauss - "Alpine Symphony"; symphonic poems "Don Juan" and "The Life of a Hero"
• Igor Stravinsky ballets The Firebird, Petrushka, The Rite of Spring, opera The Nightingale
• Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - symphonies No. 4 (introduction), No. 5 (movements I and IV) No. 6 (movement III); Italian capriccio (cornet), ballet "Swan Lake" (Neapolitan dance - cornet)
• Giuseppe Verdi - opera "Aida"

see also

Notes

Links

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• . Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
• From the Ancient World to the 20th Century. Archived
• Pipe device. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012.

Since ancient times, the trumpet has been used as a signal musical instrument; due to its piercing sound, it warned of danger in time, attracted attention and supported fighting courage. And in the Polish city of Krakow, there is still a story about a sentinel hero who, despite being wounded, was able to warn residents of impending danger. He managed to give a signal in time about the approach of the enemy troops into the copper pipe, but he did not finish the game to the end. Until now, in this city, the call sign is a melody that suddenly breaks off at the last sound.

As the trumpet improved, it began to occupy an increasingly significant place in musical culture. Initially, having the ability to perform only individual notes, it eventually turned into a full-fledged instrument, for which many composers began to compose separate works.

history pipes and many interesting facts about this musical instrument, read on our page.

Trumpet sound

Clear, expressive, brilliant, sometimes even piercing - this is how the voice of the trumpet can be described. It has a characteristic rich timbre, which gives the orchestra sound majesty and pathos. Also, the sound of the trumpet is used to give the music a dramatic character when the internal tension reaches its climax. The voice of this instrument creates heroic, strong-willed and courageous images, it can sound very quiet and soft, but at the same time surprisingly powerful when voicing battle scenes.

Pipe range from mi of a small octave to re of the third octave, but this is not the limit, the skill of the musicians allows it to be slightly increased.

To expand the means of artistic expression, trumpeters very often use a mute - a device that resembles a pear in shape. Its main purpose is to change the strength of the sound and some sound effects. So, on the trumpet "forte" with a mute sounds defiantly bold, and "piano" gives the effect of sounding at a distance. With the help of a mute, the instrument can make meowing, croaking and growling sounds, and it also helps the musician create different images: from harsh and gloomy to unusually gentle.

The trumpet is a technically mobile instrument, on which the performer, depending on his skill, can masterfully play the most complex passages and various trills.

A photo:

Interesting Facts

• The trumpet may seem like a small and compact instrument compared to larger ones such as trombone or French horn , but if straightened, the length of the pipe will be approximately 190 cm, which is higher than the height of the average person.
• The earliest trumpets were made from a variety of materials, including shells and wood.
• The largest pipe has a length of 32 meters, the diameter of the socket is 5.2 meters. The sound on it is reproduced using an air compressor.
• Celebrities such as James Hunt (racing driver), Richard Gere (actor), James Wood (actor), Justin Bieber (singer), Steven Tyler (rock musician), Samuel L. Jackson (actor), Paul McCartney (Beatles) have played the trumpet ), Jayne Mansfield (Actress).
• The highest note ever played on a trumpet is "C" in the fourth octave.

• Two trumpets, one silver and one bronze, were found in the tomb. Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen. There were suggestions that they magical power and their sound can cause the outbreak of war. These instruments were played in 1939, shortly before World War II, the trumpets were also played before the Gulf War in 1990, and not so long ago, the bronze trumpet was played again, one week before the 2011 Egyptian revolution.
• The first trumpet factory was founded in 1842 in Paris by the outstanding musical instrument designer Adolphe Sax.
• The largest trumpet ensemble with 1166 members performed at a concert organized in the city of Oruro, Bolivia on February 19, 2006. The trumpet ensemble was part of a large event with the participation of 5000 different musicians.
• The longest line of trumpeters consisted of 105 players and was used as part of an event organized at the football stadium in the city of Evelay, in the UK, on ​​September 7, 2014.
• In Japan, in 2005, Toyota developed the world's first robot that can play the trumpet.
• Tromba is what the Italians call the pipe, trompette is the French, die Trompete is the Germans, trumpet is the Americans.
• The famous trumpet with a curved bell trademark The Martin Committee, which was owned by jazz legend Dizzy Gillepsy, sold at Christie's in 1995 for $55,000.

Works for trumpet

I. Haydn - Concerto for trumpet and orchestra in E-flat major (listen)

G. Tomasi - Concerto for trumpet and orchestra (listen)

Pipe construction

Modern pipes are made of brass - this is a special alloy of copper and zinc, then varnished or plated with silver, nickel, less often gold. In addition to brass, pipes are made of silver, copper, and sometimes gold.

The trumpet has the shape of a thin cylinder, which remains unchanged along its entire length, which gives the instrument its characteristic live sound. On the one hand, the pipe has an enlarged cup-shaped hole - this is a bell, on the other - a mouthpiece.

This instrument, folded twice in the shape of an oval, seems very compact, but if it is straightened, then the length will be 1.5 meters, and sometimes more.

The trumpet consists of the following elements: main crown, bell, additional crowns, valves, mouthpiece.

A trumpeter can play 45 different sounds with only 3 valves.

Application

The trumpet is a versatile musical instrument. The range of its application is very diverse - symphony, brass, pop orchestras, jazz, funk, ska-jazz, rock and many other musical directions. The timbre of the trumpet - bright, clean, a little bit harsh, very often attracted the attention of composers of different eras. I.S. Bach , L.V. Beethoven , I. Brahms, F. List , C. Debussy, D. Verdi , J. Bizet. D. Gershwin, G. Mahler, M. Mussorgsky , M. Ravel, N. Rimsky-Korsakov , A. Scriabin, D. Shostakovich, P. Tchaikovsky , D. Verdi and many others trusted the trumpet for solo moments. Trumpets sounded in solemn, heroic, and sometimes lyrical episodes.

In a brass band, the trumpet plays the leading role; like the violin in the symphony, it plays the first voice.

The trumpet is also used in jazz music. It became the symbol and soul of jazz when such varieties of the genre as Dixieland, New Orleans Jazz, the Chicago School, and so on appeared.

Repertoire and famous performers

The technique of performance on the trumpet and its expressive possibilities are very great, and, admiring its beautiful and rich sound, composers willingly wrote their works for it. Of particular note are concert pieces J. Haydn , I. Hummel, A. Gedike, S. Vasilenko, A. Harutyunyan, A. Pakhmutova, M. Weinberg, A. Tomasi, R. Shchedrin, B. Blacher.

The performing repertoire for the trumpet is very rich. Composers in their works have shown that this instrument is also virtuoso like a violin, gentle like a human voice and has the stylistic plasticity of a piano, and well-known virtuoso performers such as M. Andre, L. Armstrong , D. Gillespie, T. Dokshitzer, K. Brown, M. Davis, S. Nakariakov, C. Baker, A. Sandoval, E. Calvert, G. Orvid, W. Morsales, F. Hubbard and many others have proved this with their skill.

How to choose a pipe for a child

The trumpet is an instrument that undoubtedly attracts close attention, including children. If a child heard a trumpet and expressed a great desire to learn how to play this instrument, what parents should know. Firstly, it’s best not to rush into learning the trumpet, you need to start at the age of 10-12, the child’s body should already be sufficiently developed: a good lung capacity, developed articulation and ear for music. Learning to play the trumpet is not easy, the trumpeter does not see the keyboard, but can only mentally imagine it. The child should be ready, though not for long, but systematic studies, only then the instrument will be submissive in the hands of a young musician. If your child is still young enough to start trumpet lessons, you can not delay initial period music education, but first to master an instrument that is more suitable for age, such as a piano or a recorder. This will be a very good base - the child will get acquainted with musical literacy, develop hearing, memory and attention.

Classes on the pipe, as doctors say, have a very beneficial effect on health: they strengthen the lungs and nervous system. Restless and unbalanced children turn into calm and self-possessed.

Training must begin on a good instrument, with a pleasant timbre, soft and light mechanics. Companies that produce pipes of various modifications are AMATI, BACH, BOSTON, BRAHNER, CONN, KING, ROY BENSON, VESTON, YAMAHA. Most of the models intended for beginners and students are of sufficient quality and at a reasonable price.

Trumpet history

The history of the pipe begins in ancient times, information about this instrument comes to us from the Ancient World: Egypt, Greece, India, China. Antique drawings have been preserved, which depict people playing the trumpet,

For most of its existence, this instrument could only produce one or two sounds and served mainly as a fanfare on special occasions: court ceremonies, knightly tournaments, announcements of the arrival of important guests, royal weddings. The trumpet also accompanied religious ceremonies or military actions, its sound was well audible over long distances and through the roar of battle. The trumpets were played by specially trained people who were treated with great respect.

Until the 14th and 15th centuries, these instruments were quite long, and it was very inconvenient to play them, then the pipes began to twist and the instrument acquired its characteristic shape. But these were still natural pipes, without valves, which could only extract the sounds of the natural scale.

In the 16th century, artisans from Nuremberg (Germany) began to make and distribute these instruments throughout Europe. And at the end of the century, pipes began to be used in musical works, first in the low register, and then in the upper one.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the natural trumpet reached its pinnacle and was used with great success as part of an operatic orchestra. We meet it in the works of Handel and many other composers. The role of the trumpet at that time was very modest: simple, short melodies based on triad sounds, signals and participation in harmonic accompaniment. Folded in the traditional form, the length of the instrument varied from 1.8 to 2.5 m.

A very important event in the history of the pipe was its mechanical improvement, invented in 1814 - this is a valve. On the trumpet, it became possible to perform a chromatic scale, as well as more accurately intonate. The sound became more colorful and stronger. In 1832, the pipe was further improved: the valves were replaced with pump valves. The chromatic trumpet took root in the orchestra for a very long time, as composers treated it with great caution. Only in 1831 did the new trumpet become part of the orchestra, and the first to recognize its merits was R. Wagner .

Pipe is an amazing musical instrument that attracts attention and captivates listeners from the first sound. It not only has a glorious history and stands out for the versatility of its use, the trumpet is able to fill the entire universe with its magical sound. You can talk about all the advantages of this instrument, its unique timbre or its rich performance technique, for a very long time, but best of all, just listen to how it sounds.

Pipe

Musical instruments are designed to produce various sounds. If the musician plays well, then these sounds can be called music, if not, then cacophony. There are so many tools that learning them is like an exciting game worse than Nancy Drew! In modern musical practice, instruments are divided into various classes and families according to the source of the sound, the material of manufacture, the method of sound production, and other features.

Wind (aerophones): a group of musical instruments, the sound source of which is the vibrations of a column of air in the barrel (tube). They are classified according to many criteria (by material, design, methods of sound production, etc.). In a symphony orchestra, the group of wind musical instruments is divided into wood (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon) and brass (trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba).

1. Flute - a woodwind musical instrument. The modern type of transverse flute (with valves) was invented by the German master T. Bem in 1832 and has varieties: small (or piccolo flute), alto and bass flute.

2. Oboe - woodwind reed musical instrument. Known since the 17th century. Varieties: small oboe, oboe d "amour, English horn, haeckelphone.

3. Clarinet - woodwind reed musical instrument. Designed at the beginning 18th century In modern practice, soprano clarinets, piccolo clarinet (Italian piccolo), alto (so-called basset horn), bass clarinet are commonly used.

4. Bassoon - a woodwind musical instrument (mainly orchestral). Arose in the 1st floor. 16th century The bass variety is the contrabassoon.

5. Trumpet - a wind brass mouthpiece musical instrument, known since ancient times. The modern type of valve pipe has developed to ser. 19th century

6. Horn - a wind musical instrument. Appeared at the end of the 17th century as a result of the improvement of the hunting horn. The modern type of horn with valves was created in the first quarter of the 19th century.

7. Trombone - a wind brass musical instrument (mainly orchestral), in which the pitch is regulated by a special device - a backstage (the so-called sliding trombone or zugtrombone). There are also valve trombones.

8. Tuba is the lowest sounding brass musical instrument. Designed in 1835 in Germany.

Metallophones are a kind of musical instruments, the main element of which are plates-keys, which are beaten with a hammer.

1. Self-sounding musical instruments (bells, gongs, vibraphones, etc.), the sound source of which is their elastic metal body. The sound is extracted with hammers, sticks, special drummers (tongues).

2. Instruments such as xylophone, in contrast to which metallophone plates are made of metal.

String musical instruments (chordophones): according to the method of sound production, they are divided into bowed (for example, violin, cello, gidzhak, kemancha), plucked (harp, harp, guitar, balalaika), percussion (cymbals), percussion keyboards (piano), schipkovo - keyboards (harpsichord).

1. Violin - a 4-string bowed musical instrument. The highest in the register in the violin family, which formed the basis of the classical symphony orchestra and string quartet.

2. Cello - a musical instrument of the violin family of the bass-tenor register. Appeared in the 15-16 centuries. Classical samples were created by Italian masters of the 17th-18th centuries: A. and N. Amati, J. Guarneri, A. Stradivari.

3. Gidzhak - stringed bowed musical instrument (Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Uighur).

4. Kemancha (kamancha) - 3-4-string bowed musical instrument. Distributed in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Dagestan, as well as the countries of the Middle and Near East.

5. Harp (from German Harfe) - a multi-stringed plucked musical instrument. Early images - in the third millennium BC. In its simplest form, it is found in almost all peoples. The modern pedal harp was invented in 1801 by S. Erard in France.

6. Gusli - Russian stringed musical instrument. Pterygoid gusli ("voiced") have 4-14 or more strings, helmet-shaped - 11-36, rectangular (table-shaped) - 55-66 strings.

7. Guitar (Spanish guitarra, from Greek cithara) - a lute-type stringed plucked instrument. It has been known in Spain since the 13th century, and in the 17th and 18th centuries it spread to the countries of Europe and America, including as a folk instrument. Since the 18th century, the 6-string guitar has become common, the 7-string has become widespread mainly in Russia. Varieties include the so-called ukulele; in modern pop music, the electric guitar is used.

8. Balalaika - Russian folk 3-string plucked musical instrument. Known from the beginning 18th century Improved in the 1880s. (under the direction of V.V. Andreev) V.V. Ivanov and F.S. Paserbsky, who designed the family of balalaikas, later - S.I. Nalimov.

9. Cymbals (Polish cymbaly) - a multi-stringed percussion musical instrument of ancient origin. They are part of the folk orchestras of Hungary, Poland, Romania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.

10. Piano (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) - the general name of keyboard musical instruments with hammer action (piano, piano). The pianoforte was invented in the beginning. 18th century The appearance of the modern type of piano - with the so-called. double rehearsal - refers to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.

11. Harpsichord (French clavecin) - a stringed keyboard-plucked musical instrument, the forerunner of the piano. Known since the 16th century. There were harpsichords of various shapes, types and varieties, including cembalo, virginel, spinet, claviciterium.

Keyboard musical instruments: a group of musical instruments, united by a common feature - the presence of keyboard mechanics and a keyboard. They are divided into different classes and types. Keyboard musical instruments are combined with other categories.

1. Strings (percussion and plucked keyboards): piano, celesta, harpsichord and its varieties.

2. Wind (wind and reed keyboards): organ and its varieties, harmonium, button accordion, accordion, melody.

3. Electromechanical: electric piano, clavinet

4. Electronic: electronic piano

pianoforte (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) - the general name of keyboard musical instruments with hammer action (piano, piano). It was invented in the early 18th century. The appearance of the modern type of piano - with the so-called. double rehearsal - refers to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.

Percussion musical instruments: a group of instruments combined according to the method of sound production - impact. The sound source is a solid body, a membrane, a string. There are instruments with a definite (timpani, bells, xylophones) and indefinite (drums, tambourines, castanets) pitch.

1. Timpani (timpani) (from the Greek polytaurea) - a percussion musical instrument of a cauldron shape with a membrane, often paired (nagara, etc.). Widespread since ancient times.

2. Bells - orchestral percussion self-sounding musical instrument: a set of metal records.

3. Xylophone (from xylo... and Greek phone - sound, voice) - percussion self-sounding musical instrument. Consists of a number of wooden blocks of various lengths.

4. Drum - percussion membrane musical instrument. Varieties are found in many peoples.

5. Tambourine - a percussion membrane musical instrument, sometimes with metal pendants.

6. Castanetvas (Spanish: castanetas) - a percussion musical instrument; wooden (or plastic) plates in the form of shells, fixed on the fingers.

Electric musical instruments: musical instruments in which sound is created by generating, amplifying and converting electrical signals (using electronic equipment). They have a peculiar timbre, they can imitate various instruments. Electric musical instruments include theremin, emiriton, electric guitar, electric organs, etc.

1. Theremin - the first domestic electric musical instrument. Designed by L. S. Theremin. The pitch in the theremin varies depending on the distance of the performer's right hand to one of the antennas, the volume - from the distance of the left hand to the other antenna.

2. Emiriton - an electric musical instrument equipped with a piano-type keyboard. Designed in the USSR by the inventors A. A. Ivanov, A. V. Rimsky-Korsakov, V. A. Kreutser and V. P. Dzerzhkovich (1st model in 1935).

3. Electric guitar - a guitar, usually made of wood, with electric pickups that convert the vibrations of metal strings into electric current vibrations. The first magnetic pickup was built by Gibson engineer Lloyd Loer in 1924. The most common are six-string electric guitars.

The trumpet is a wind musical instrument from the family of mouthpiece (embouchure) instruments, alto-soprano register, the highest in sound among brass wind instruments.

The natural trumpet has been used as a signaling instrument since ancient times, and from about the 17th century it became part of the orchestra. With the invention of the valve mechanism, the trumpet received a full chromatic scale and from the middle of the 19th century became a full-fledged instrument of classical music.

The instrument has a bright, brilliant timbre and is used as a solo instrument, in symphony and brass bands, as well as in jazz and other genres.

Nowadays, the trumpet is widely used as a solo instrument, in symphony and brass bands, as well as in jazz, funk, ska and other genres.

Among the outstanding solo trumpeters of various genres are Maurice Andre, Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie, Timofey Dokshitzer, Miles Davis, Wynton Marsalis, Sergey Nakaryakov, Georgy Orvid, Eddie Calvert.

Pipe varieties

The most common type of trumpet is the B-flat (in B) trumpet, which sounds a tone lower than its written notes. American orchestras often also use the C (in C) trumpet, which does not transpose and has a slightly brighter, more open sound than the in B trumpet. , in modern music and jazz it is possible to extract even higher sounds. Notes are written in the treble clef, as a rule, without key marks, one tone higher than the actual sound for the trumpet in B, and in accordance with the actual sound for the trumpet in C. Before the advent of the valve mechanism and for some time after that, there were pipes in literally every possible tunings: in D, in Es, in E, in F, in G and in A, each of which was intended to facilitate the performance of music in a certain key. With the improvement of the skill of trumpeters and the improvement of the design of the trumpet itself, the need for so many instruments disappeared. Nowadays, music in all keys is played either on the trumpet in B or on the trumpet in C.

viola trumpet in G or in F, sounding a perfect fourth or fifth below the written notes and which is intended for performing sounds in a low register (Rakhmaninov - Third Symphony). At present, it is used extremely rarely, and in compositions where its part is provided, the flugelhorn is used.

bass trumpet in B, which sounds an octave below the usual trumpet and a major non below the written notes. It went out of use by the second half of the 20th century, at present its part is performed on a trombone - an instrument similar to it in register, timbre and structure.

piccolo trumpet(small pipe). The variety, constructed at the end of the 19th century, is currently experiencing a new upsurge in connection with the revived interest in early music. Used in B-flat (in B) tuning and can be tuned to A (in A) tuning for sharp keys. Unlike a conventional pipe, it has four valves. Many trumpeters use a smaller mouthpiece for the small trumpet, which, however, affects the timbre of the instrument and its technical mobility. Among the outstanding performers on the small trumpet are Wynton Marsalis, Maurice André, Hocken Hardenberger.

Baritone:

Tenor:

Cornet:

Pipe device

Pipes are made of brass or copper, less often - of silver and other metals. Already in antiquity, there was a technology for making tools from one solid sheet of metal.

At its core, a tube is a long tube that bends solely for compactness. It narrows slightly at the mouthpiece, widens at the bell, and has a cylindrical shape in other areas. It is this shape of the tube that gives the trumpet its bright timbre. In the manufacture of a pipe, an extremely accurate calculation is important, both the length of the pipe itself and the degree of expansion of the socket - this radically affects the structure of the instrument.

The basic principle of playing the trumpet is to obtain harmonic consonances by changing the position of the lips and changing the length of the air column in the instrument, achieved using the valve mechanism. Three valves are used on the trumpet, lowering the sound by a tone, a half tone and a tone and a half. Simultaneous pressing of two or three gates makes it possible to lower the overall structure of the instrument to three tones. Thus, the trumpet receives a chromatic scale.

On some varieties of trumpet (for example, on the piccolo trumpet) there is also a fourth valve (quartile valve), which lowers the system by a perfect fourth (five semitones).

The pipe is a right-handed instrument: when playing, the valves are pressed with the right hand, the left hand supports the instrument.