Protecting a wooden house from biodegradation

Wood is a building material that has high thermal and mechanical properties. Valuable structural qualities - light weight, strength, industrial production of building parts, transportability - determine the economic feasibility of using wood in construction.

However, wood also has one big disadvantage: under certain conditions, it can be destroyed by biological agents (insects and wood-destroying fungi). In addition, wood-staining and mold fungi can appear on wooden structures. These organisms do not destroy wood, but can significantly spoil its appearance.

So, mold fungi stain the wooden surface in an unpleasant dirty green color, and wood-coloring fungi - in yellow, blue, brown, reddish, etc. Especially often blue appears on the tree, which is also a sign of damage by wood-coloring mushrooms.

As a rule, it appears on sapwood when raw wood is stored in warehouses, delayed drying, or in ready-made houses from insufficiently dried or damp logs (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. The manifestation of blue on wall logs

Blue can affect wood of any species, most often conifers. Blue fungus infestation starts from the surface. Penetration into the wood occurs along the core rays. For example, on the rounded ends, the blue forms radial wedge-shaped spots, sometimes there is a continuous color of the sapwood (see Figure 2). In lumber and on the side surfaces, elongated spots and stripes of blue are observed.

Figure 2. Damage to the blue sapwood of a pine wall log

The optimal temperature for the reproduction and growth of blue fungi is considered to be 20-25 degrees, at 7-8 degrees the growth of the fungus slows down. As for humidity, the range of 33-82% is considered optimal, but wider limits are possible (from 22 to 163%).

Blue-stained wood usually has an increased rate of water absorption. After the influence of blue fungus on wooden structures, the rate of water absorption of the sapwood of a pine wall log increases one and a half times for a month.

Wood affected by mold fungi does not actually change its technical properties, however, a damaged appearance reduces its value. Mushrooms of blue and mold are the primary complex of destroyers, which, with a long exposure, create a favorable environment for the further development of house fungi, which are especially dangerous for wood.

Wood-destroying mushrooms cause great damage to the wooden structures of structures and buildings, sometimes completely disabling them. Such damage is associated with the settlement and development of house mushrooms in wooden structures. To date, more than 70 species of such fungi are known, and many of them are capable of causing local damage. They destroy wood rather slowly and are not of great practical importance.

Wood decay is a natural decomposition process that is common to any dead plant. The decomposition of wood occurs due to wood-destroying fungi. These are lower plant organisms that penetrate deep into the wood and use its constituent parts for their development.

Under favorable conditions, spores (fungal embryos) begin to germinate, turning into hyphae, that is, fungal threads.

Enzymes secreted by developing fungal filaments partially dissolve the walls of wood cells. They are used by fungi for growth and nutrition. This is how rotting occurs - the biological resolution of wood.

In the initial stages of decay, the wood does not change its appearance, so the presence of fungal filaments can only be detected under a microscope. Later, the wood becomes reddish or yellow, then brown and brown, its strength and density gradually decrease, it loses viscosity, becomes soft and light. At the last stage of decay, transverse and longitudinal cracks appear in wood structures, along which it will break up into separate prisms. By properties, this wood is similar to charred: with light pressure, it is ground into powder. This type of rot is called destructive. It is typical for house fungi that destroy structures in structures and buildings (see Figure 3).

Figure 3. Merulius lacrymans (Fr.) S.F. Grey:

a - mycelium; b - young fruiting body;
c - old fruiting body; d - view of the old mycelium, rot and wood cords

Mandatory conditions for the development of wood-destroying fungi are:

• Sufficient wood moisture (more than 20%)
• Availability of food
• positive temperature.

If either of these conditions is absent, the development of the fungus will be delayed, even if it is rooted in wood. The humidity and temperature of wood, which are needed for the growth of house mushrooms, are given below.

Table 1

The following types of mushrooms can cause the greatest harm to wooden structures: white brownie, real white, membranous brownie.

To combat wood decay, various means are used: chemical protection measures, which are based on the use of biologically active substances and preparations. They are able to prevent the development, weaken or stop the vital activity of organisms that cause damage, sometimes to complete destruction, of objects, individual structures or materials.

Protecting a wooden house from biodegradation can be done with chemicals and preparations called antiseptics.

Depending on the service conditions of the impregnated material, its purpose and the type of protective composition, it is customary to use two different types of impregnation in construction:

• Antiseptic when the composition is applied to the surface. This ensures the penetration of impregnation into the surface layer of wood 1-2 mm deep
• Preservation or deep impregnation, in which the applied composition penetrates to a depth of about 2-3 cm or more.

If a protection of a wooden house from biodegradation produced by antiseptics, chemicals have a short-term poisoning effect on the destroyers. When preserved, antiseptics have a long-term toxic effect on destroyers.

The bulk of wooden structures used at construction sites, as well as at wooden housing construction enterprises, are treated with antiseptics using surface application.

Deep impregnation is mainly used in woodworking shops of enterprises and impregnation plants.

You can buy wood protection products from the Skolt manufacturer, in general, antiseptics have a fairly extensive range, and you can pick them up individually at the request of each client. This diversity is caused by different operating conditions of wood, the availability of chemical resources, the availability of chemical resources, economic and safety requirements.

The following are tips for choosing antiseptics that will provide preventive protection of a wooden house from biodegradation. It can be used in residential buildings, garden houses, cottages.

Overlappings

In residential buildings, three types of floors are used: interfloor, basement, attic. For interfloor and basement floors, sources of moisture are common - leaks due to malfunctioning plumbing fixtures and household moisture.

Ground floors

The humidity of wooden structures in the underground is influenced by the level of soil moisture under the building. With impermeable soils where there is surface water, as well as with wet soils that are permeable, strip foundations are in a wet state. This causes capillary moistening of the soil base of the underground and the laying of a brick basement. If the strip foundation is solid and the soil moisture is high, the air humidity in the underground also increases. This leads to the settlement and development of wood-destroying fungi on the floors.

Moisture that evaporates from the ground can be removed from the underground with the help of products that are arranged in the basement. This allows you to provide a normal humidity regime for the structures of the basement.

In the first half of summer in the middle lane, the concentration of water vapor in the underground does not actually differ from the concentration that exists in the outside air. At this time, there is practically no diffusion exit of moisture from the underground.

In this period, there can also be no removal of moisture by the air flow, which occurs only with gusts of wind, since the moisture content of the air underground and outside is almost the same. It is at this time that the processes of decay of wood take place.

As a rule, a warm basement floor is arranged above the cold underground, and the load-bearing beams are most often placed inside the floor between the floor and the firmware. They can also partially go into the underground space (for example, when arranging along the cranial bars of the black floor).

In any case, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of the appearance of wood-destroying and mold fungi on the wood. You should also take into account the complexity of monitoring the condition of the wooden floor. That is why, before carrying out installation work, it is recommended to treat all floor elements with antiseptics - beams, girders, black floor boards and boards, finishing floors and logs (see Figure 4). With special care, it is necessary to antiseptic those elements that are in the thickness of the ceiling and are not subject to regular visual observation (see table 2).

Figure 4. Beamed basement and round timber exterior wall:

1 - ventilation air; 2 - gasket for thermal insulation (tarred tow); 3 - crown crown; 4 - beacon rail after 60 cm; 5- boards of outer skin; 6 - flooring boards; 7 - logs; 8 - insulation; 9 - bearing beam; 10 - vapor barrier; 11 - support boards; 12 - black floor boards; 13 - support lining; 14 - a column of concrete or brick; 15 - cranial bar; 16 - waterproofing; 17 - blind area

To perform antiseptic treatment, it is recommended to buy BIODECOR or BIODECODER-M. These antiseptics are highly effective against wood-destroying and mold fungi, blue stain, insects, and have increased resistance to leaching. Antiseptic BIODECOR-M does not corrode non-ferrous and ferrous metals. If you buy BIODECODER-M and process wood with it, it will acquire a pleasant light green tint. When using the BIODECODER, the wood is stained chestnut. These antiseptics do not hide the texture of wooden structures and are odorless.

Interfloor floors

Most often, the reason for the decay of wooden structures of interfloor ceilings is the use of raw wood, the lack of proper conditions for drying.

The ends of the beams located at the points of their contact with the outer stone walls (gas silicate, brick, foam concrete, etc.) are especially dangerous in beam-type ceilings. They can be moistened by condensate, which forms on the rear wall of the nest in winter due to the influx of warm air from the room, as well as installation moisture.

Multiple inspections of buildings with wooden floors have shown that the ends of the beams located in the outer walls can be destroyed due to decay or damage by insects, fungi (Figures 5 and 6).

Figure 5. Wood that is destroyed by woodworm and wood-destroying fungus (bearing part of the floor beam)

Figure 6. Destruction of the edge of a wooden floor beam by a house mushroom (a), rolling plate (b)

When the beams come into contact with the outer stone walls, blind sealing of the edges of the beams is widespread (Figure 7).

Fig.7. Blind embedment of the beam in contact with the outer wall:

1 - floor beam; 2 - wall of the structure; 3 - the surface of the beam, which is to be treated with an antiseptic; 4 - moisture-proof bandage; 5 - plaster for thermal insulation; 6 - waterproofing; 7 - foam for mounting; 8 - wooden lining treated with an antiseptic; 9 - waterproofing layer

When antisepticizing, the end of the beam must be beveled at an angle of 60-75 degrees, then the end of the beam, including the end itself, should be treated with a substance for a length that exceeds the depth of the structure by 15-20 centimeters. Based on the fact that the supporting part of the beam is exposed to drop-liquid moisture, BIODECOR-M, which is difficult to wash out, is used for processing.

The butt should be especially carefully protected, since it is most often exposed to decay. The structure is treated with an antiseptic until completely saturated, that is, until the moment when absorption stops. Then the treated surfaces, except for the end, must be protected from moisture with the help of pasted waterproofing (you can use stekloizol, hydrostekloizol, etc.).

Those surfaces of the beams that are in the span are operated in more favorable conditions than the ends in contact with the stone walls. However, it must be taken into account that during operation water may get on them. These can be accidental leaks as a result of a breakdown in the sewer or plumbing system, heating devices, etc.). That is why their antiseptic treatment is advisable. For this, an antiseptic DOMOVOI can be used. This drug has a high diffusion capacity. It penetrates deep into wood with high humidity, which allows the product to be used to protect damp or poorly dried wood. After treatment with this tool, the wood retains its texture and does not change color. It is important that DOMOVOI does not corrode ferrous metals, therefore, contact of treated wood with metal structures and details is possible.

Antiseptic preparations KRAM-S and KRAM can also be used for billet protection treatment of various wooden floor elements. They are intended for impregnating wood, which is not subjected to condensation moisture during operation (see table 2). These antiseptics provide multifunctional protection for wood structures, including help against biodegradation, provide preventive protection against insects. KRAM-S does not change the color of the wood, but KRAM stains it light brown.

Attic floors

When installing ceilings on beams, it is necessary to perform the same measures to protect the edges of the beams as when installing interfloor ceilings (this can be treatment with a BIODECOR-M antiseptic with further waterproofing of the protected side surfaces).

Figure 8. Contact points of attic floor beams and rafters on the outer wall

1 - window / door frame;. 2 - outer wall; 3 - plaster for thermal insulation; 4 - surf; 5 - sheathing material for the overhang of the eaves; 6 - crate; 7 - roof sheets; 8 - rafter leg; 9 - filly; 10 - Mauerlat beam; 11 and 12 - waterproofing; 13 - supporting edge of the beam; 14 - bearing beam; 15 - blind embedment with cement; 16 - vapor barrier; 17 - insulation; 18 - rolling boards; 19 - cranial bar; 20 - filing boards; 21 - lining

You also need to consider measures to protect wooden floors from moisture precipitation that penetrates into the attic through roof holes, as well as condensate that forms due to freezing in the thickness of the floor.

Through the attic floor, in the same way as through another external fence, water vapor diffuses from the premises to the attic. That is why, in order to protect the insulation from moisture from indoor air vapor, it is necessary to protect it with a vapor barrier layer on the “warm” side (Figure 8). High-quality heat and vapor barrier will not only provide the necessary thermal protection, but will also significantly increase the durability of the rafter and roof material. If the vapor barrier is missing, the installation is damaged or poorly done, water vapor can penetrate through the ceiling into the attic, drain onto the wooden stacks. As a result, corrosion of metal parts and ceilings develops, the destruction of rafters and roofing carpet.

In case of violation of the tightness of the vapor barrier layer, the insulation is moistened and, accordingly, the heat-shielding characteristics of the floor are reduced. Those floor elements that should be treated with an antiseptic are shown in Table 2.

To protect floors from biodegradation, antiseptic treatment with antiseptics DOMOVOI, KRAM-S, KRAM can be used as a preventive measure.

Elements of the truss system (Figure 8)

The safety of rafters, trusses, racks, purlins, Mauerlats and other elements of the truss system largely depends on the temperature and humidity conditions that are available in the attic. It can be heated (attics) or cold (unused).

Cold attics

In winter, air with a high moisture content penetrates through leaks in hatches and doors from living quarters to the attic. This causes intense condensation on the elements of the truss system and cold roof surfaces.

It is necessary to pay special attention to the condition of the roof. Sometimes barely noticeable damage to the roof can eventually lead to the destruction of the supporting structure as a result of decay (Figure 9).

To prevent biodegradation of the elements of the truss system, it is recommended that they be antiseptic with BIODECOR-M, KRAM-S, KRAM preparations. If, according to the requirements of fire safety, it is necessary to protect wooden structures from fire, you can use the complex fire and bioprotective preparations FENAKS, SENEGA-OB.

Figure 9. Destruction of the rafter leg by house mushrooms when the roof is damaged

Mauerlats, which are based on stone walls, must be located above the level of the attic insulation no less than three rows of brickwork. After treatment with antiseptics, it is necessary to lay a roll waterproofing between the masonry and the Mauerlat.

Elements of the truss system, which are subject to mandatory antiseptic, are shown in table 2.

Attic coverings

When arranging attics, the insulated coating must be partially or completely combined with the roof. The basis for the durability of the combined coating will be the creation of a solid insulation contour along the perimeter of the attic floor, as well as the provision of good vapor and waterproofing around the insulation contour, its ventilation.

It must be said that the insulation of the combined attic flooring is considered a more difficult task than the insulation of the wall covering. On the enclosing surface of the attic room, the condensation of water vapor, which is contained in warm air, is higher than in those rooms that are located on other floors of the building. Under normal conditions (air temperature about twenty degrees Celsius and relative humidity 65%), the water vapor content is about 11.4 g/m3. the dew point will come at 13.2 degrees. Under the attic ceiling, the temperature will be a couple of degrees higher than inside the room, so condensation will begin already on those surfaces that have a temperature of 15-16 degrees.

As a rule, insulation in the covering of attic rooms is laid between the rafters. To produce insulation, glass and mineral wool plates of sufficient density are used. In this case, all elements of the truss system are located out of sight. Moreover, some of them, for example, rafter legs are partially or completely in the insulation layer. It is worth saying that this scheme makes it possible to rationally use the entire thickness of the coating, but it justifies itself, provided that the work is done correctly.

A large number of problems with the installation of insulation between the rafters arise due to loose contact between the thermal insulation and the side surfaces of the rafter legs. In the event that the gaps between the rafters and heaters are not sealed, which happens quite often, condensation forms. It appears on the surfaces of the rafter legs, as well as locally - in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe rafters and on the ceiling.

If the formation of condensate on wooden surfaces occurs systematically, they may be affected by wood-destroying fungi. Given that these processes are secret, they are detected only when the deformation of the rafters becomes noticeable.

This phenomenon can also be observed with insufficient use of insulation. In this case, in winter, the coating freezes, the wood is systematically moistened, as well as the insulation itself with condensate.

The foregoing makes it clear that the protection of the wooden parts of the combined attic rooms from possible biodegradation is a mandatory measure.

It should be borne in mind that visual control of the state of the truss system in such coatings is impossible; bioprotective treatment of wood is carried out with hard-to-wash antiseptics with a long service life. In this case, it is recommended to use the antiseptic preparation BIODECOR-M.

Logs of external walls and beams (see figure 4)

The main reason for the premature failure of block and log walls is their destruction by wood-destroying fungi. To a large extent, this is facilitated by shrinkage cracks, which become a kind of "gateway" for the penetration of fungal infection and atmospheric water into the layers of wood. They cause internal damage to the timber or log (this is the central rot).

Practice shows that in buildings made of timber and logs, rot most often affects the lower crowns.

What is happening can be explained by the direct impact of atmospheric precipitation on the structures, as well as the consequences of differential condensation, which is observed when installing wooden elements with large sections directly on a brick or concrete base without laying thermal insulation between them.

In spring, when daily fluctuations in outdoor temperature are more significant, during the day a massive plinth warms up more slowly than wood. Due to the temperature hysteresis of the plinth and wood in the mass of wood, condensation of air water vapor will be observed at the point of contact with the plinth. As a result, internal (central) decay of the lower crown may occur. This can be avoided by complex (chemical and structural protection measures). It is worth saying that chemical protection measures are reduced to treatment with a BIODECODER-M preparation that is difficult to wash out, it is applied in a specific way, which is called “wet on wet”. Shrinkage cracks must be filled with special care. It is desirable to use this method for those lower crowns of logs that already have cracks. Otherwise, when using insufficiently dried, cheese logs, after drying, cracks appear there. They will break the protective layer. This can lead to nullification or a significant decrease in the expected antiseptic effect.

To protect the cobbled and log walls of the house from biodegradation, exposure to atmospheric precipitation, they are often sheathed with a decorative board (this can be lining, land-house, block-house, etc.), sheet materials, siding. Brick cladding is also often used. Facing is located at a distance of about 25 centimeters from the wall. This provides a drying mode for the structures. The air gap must be designed in such a way as to completely exclude the ingress of precipitation into it. Ventilation occurs with the help of air entering under the casing from below and exiting near the eaves. In cobbled and log walls with brick cladding, the ventilated gap should be at least 5-7 centimeters.

The practice of construction, as well as the operation of buildings with sheathing of the outer walls of the house with a decorative board, indicates that when laying the sheathing, wall beams and logs are in conditions where the possibility of the appearance of wood-destroying and mold fungi is either completely absent or minimal. When facing walls with bricks, the ventilation gap is often blocked by mortar, which falls down when the brickwork is installed. Because of this, an unventilated space is obtained between the cladding and the wall. In this case, the likelihood of mushrooms appearing on the surface increases significantly. That is why, for prevention, it is necessary to perform an antiseptic treatment of the outer surfaces of wall beams and logs before facing with bricks. For this, preparations such as BIODECOR-M, KRAM-S or KRAM can be used (see table 2)

Exterior plank sheathing of gables and walls

It must be said that it is necessary to protect the plank sheathing itself, both from the inside and from the outside. In many ways, the durability of the sheathing depends on the profile of the board, its placement on the facade of the building, and the type of attachment to the frame. Sheathing boards are either horizontal or vertical. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages.

If the boards are arranged vertically, atmospheric water can flow freely along the fibers and linger only at the bottom. If the height of the plinth is insufficient, the sheathing boards are subjected to increased moisture from slanting rain, melting snow and splashes from the blind area. The same can happen in the absence of low tides or with protruding plinths. At the same time, the ends of the boards are waterlogged, which creates optimal conditions for the biodegradation of wood. If decay occurs, all boards will have to be replaced.

The variant of the sheathing device with the placement of the boards horizontally also has its drawbacks. Experience shows that in the case of a horizontal arrangement of boards, rainwater will drain much worse than from those boards that are located vertically. This is due to the fact that during operation the surface of the boards becomes fleecy (rough) over time, small cracks may appear on it. This promotes the penetration of moisture into the wood. On horizontal boards, unlike vertical boards, mold or staining mushrooms often appear. They are mainly localized at the bottom of the boards, where there is more moisture.

Sheathing boards must be processed in order to exclude biodamage, give the surface of the boards a decorative effect, and reduce board warpage during operation. At the same time, the outer surface of the boards is often covered with opaque or glazing coatings. After using such coatings, it is necessary to treat the surfaces of the boards with a tinted or colorless primer antiseptic. It could be SKOLTEKS-PR. The drug is effective against blue stain, wood-destroying and mold fungi, insects (Figure 10). SKOLTEX-PR has a high penetrating ability, therefore it can create a stable protective layer on its surface, without forming a specific "film", without interfering with gas exchange. In addition, SKOLTEX-PR does not hide the texture of the material and increases the adhesion of protective, decorative and paintwork materials to wood.

Figure 10. Pine board after a year in the humid chamber:

On the right - the area that was not treated with a protective preparation, on the left - the area of ​​the board that was treated with SKOLTEX-PR.

The reverse side of the cladding board should also be treated with the SKOLTEX-PR bioprotective agent for prevention purposes. Also for these purposes, preparations KRAM-S, DOMOVOY can be used. These compounds stain the materials, and therefore, if the drug accidentally gets on the front surface, they do not leave any traces.

The load-bearing elements of wall panels and frame walls are classified as hidden structural elements. The state of the wood can only be found out by indirect signs (for example, by the deformation of the walls), since they are not subject to visual control. The main reasons for the appearance of wood rot in these walls is the regular condensation of moisture when the walls freeze due to insufficient thickness of the insulation or its precipitation.

Figure 11. Plinth and exterior wall made of timber-framed panels:

1 - elements of the supporting frame of the floor panel; 2 - bottom sewing (plywood, boards, etc.); 3 - insulation; 4 - floor boards; 5 - vapor barrier; 6 - bearing vertical edge of the wall; 7 - inner lining; 8 - boards of outer skin; 9 - bars for fixing the skin; 10 - supporting edge of the wall; 11 - wooden rand beam; 12 - pile, columnar foundation; 13 - tarred tow; 14 - waterproofing; 15 - plinth sheathing; 16 - ventilation air; 17 - blind area

If you follow the rules of structural anti-rot prevention, wooden frame walls and panels will not require special measures of chemical protection against biodegradation. It should be taken into account that it is impossible to guarantee the absence of conditions for the formation of fungi inside the walls and on wood. That is why the antiseptic treatment of the frame of the walls, as well as the panels, does not hurt (see table 2). The bars of the lower wall trim, as well as the supporting ribs of panels and rand beams, must be treated with a hard-to-wash antiseptic preparation BIODECOR or BIODECOR-M. To perform bioprotective treatment of other structural elements of panel and frame walls, antiseptic compositions KRAM, KRAM-S, DOMOVOI can be used. The main condition for bioprotective treatment with these antiseptic preparations at the construction site is the protection of the impregnated wood from the effects of precipitation.

Partitions. Protective treatment with antiseptics is necessary only for wooden elements of interior partitions that are adjacent to concrete or brick exterior walls in a strip of half a meter. In the partitions of bathrooms, racks, strapping, braces are subject to antiseptic. The compositions used for their bioprotective treatment are shown in Table 2.

Terraces, porches, balconies. During operation, balconies and terraces, depending on the design and architectural solutions, are subjected to various degrees of natural influences, including precipitation. They lead to the systematic moistening of wood, which can cause wood-destroying fungi. Most often, there is a bi-destruction of fences and floorings of open terraces, balconies (Figures 12 and 13).

They can be protected with the help of complex protection, including wood impregnation with a hard-to-wash composition, followed by the application of a protective and decorative coating. Antiseptic treatment of wood can be carried out using BIODECOR, BIODECOR-M preparations. To protect the surface from moisture, organic / water-based paints and varnishes, protective and decorative preparations are used, their choice on the modern market is quite wide.

Figure 12. Destruction of a balcony fence by a house fungus, which does not have chemical and structural protection

Figure 13. The defeat of the house fungus flooring balcony (this is a view from below)

Long-term and reliable protection of porch elements from rot, as well as loggias, balconies, is provided with BIODECOR and BIODECOR-M antiseptics. Given that the most vulnerable to decay are the lower ends of the pillars (chairs) 5 and the bed 1, which are in contact with the ground (Figures 14 and 15), they must be impregnated with an antiseptic composition to a sufficient depth. This is the most affordable and easiest way to process wood in a construction environment. Thus, it is possible to obtain high-quality impregnation - by soaking wooden elements in an antiseptic solution for several days. To make the soak, you can use a variety of containers. These can be bathtubs that are made of boards and lined with several layers of plastic film from the inside. To impregnate the lower ends of chairs that are installed in the ground, plastic barrels are useful (Figure 16). Other elements of the porch (girders, flooring, steps, stringers) are treated with an antiseptic. To do this, the composition is applied to the surface by spraying, brushing, or short-term immersion in an antiseptic composition.

Figure 14. Porch:

1 - bed; 2 - kosour; 3 - steps; 4 - flooring; 5 - chairs; 6 - run

Figure 15. Installing a wooden post in the ground:

1 - pillar; 2 - the end of the column, impregnated with an antiseptic composition; 3 - roll waterproofing; 4 - knitting wire

Figure 16. Impregnation of pillars that are installed in the ground:

1 - pillars; 2 - barrel; 3 - the level of the composition for processing; 4 - base

A list of structural elements that are subject to biodegradation and must be antiseptic.

Technical director: A. D. Lomakin