652-01. The similarity between a potato tuber and a linden shoot is that the tuber has
A) kidneys
B) starch supply
B) leaves
D) flowers
Answer
652-02. The bulb is a modified shoot, this proves the presence on it
A) main root
B) bud-eyes
B) underground stolons
D) flat stem - bottom
Answer
652-03. The rhizome is a modified shoot, this is proven by the presence on the rhizome
A) main root
B) membranous scales
B) flat stem - bottom
D) mechanical fibers
Answer
652-04. Modified shoots include the edible part
A) carrots
B) potatoes
B) beets
D) turnips
Answer
652-05. The similarity between a potato tuber and a poplar shoot lies in the presence
A) kidney
B) starch reserve
B) leaves
D) eyes
Answer
652-06. Rhizome is a modified
A) escape
B) tuber
B) main root
D) adventitious root
Answer
652-07. The tuber is a modified shoot, this is proven by the presence on the tuber
A) membranous scales
B) bud-eyes
B) fleshy and juicy scales
D) flat stem - bottom
Answer
652-08. What is a potato tuber?
A) underground escape
B) modified stem
B) rhizome
D) root vegetable
Answer
652-09. Are the following statements about modified plant organs correct?
1. Rhizome is the organ of mineral nutrition of plants.
2. At the bottom of the onion bulb there is a flat stem - the bottom, on which modified leaves develop.
A) only 1 is correct
B) only 2 is correct
C) both statements are correct
D) both judgments are incorrect
Answer
652-10. Which of the modified organs is a modified shoot?
Answer
652-11. Bulb is a modified shoot found in
A) lilies
B) potatoes
B) wheatgrass
D) fern
Answer
652-12. An underground shoot can be distinguished from modified roots by the presence of
A) kidney
B) root hairs
B) lateral and adventitious roots
D) storage tissue
Answer
652-13. Which plant reproduces using a bulb?
A) tulip
B) potatoes
B) carrots
D) strawberries
Answer
652-14. Which of the modified organs is a modified shoot?
Answer
652-15. Are the following statements about modified plant organs correct?
1. The inner fleshy and juicy leaves of the onion bulb contain reserves of water and nutrients.
2. On the rhizomes of plants there are filmy scales - modified leaves.
A) only 1 is correct
B) only 2 is correct
C) both statements are correct
D) both judgments are incorrect
Answer
652-16. They differ in structure, but are modifications of the same plant organ
A) poppy leaf and dandelion stem
B) rye root and corn shoot
C) potato tuber and dahlia fruit
D) tulip bulb and lily of the valley rhizome
Answer
652-17. As a result of thickening of the lateral and adventitious roots,
A) aerial roots
B) root tubers
B) root vegetables
D) sucker roots
Along with typical shoots, in which leaves carry out photosynthesis and stems provide the most appropriate placement of leaves in space, plants often develop modified shoots.
Modified organs are like underground, so and aboveground. Examples of typical modifications of the underground parts of jubeg are rhizome, tuber, bulb and corm (Fig. 8.14). They all have similar structural features; nodes, internodes, apical and lateral buds, modified leaves.
Rhizome- underground shoot of perennial grasses, dwarf shrubs and shrubs. Externally, the rhizome is similar to the root, but usually differs from the true root in its horizontal location in the soil, the presence of scale-like leaves, scars from fallen leaves, buds and adventitious roots, and the absence of a root cap. An apical bud develops at the top of the rhizome, and axillary buds develop in the axils of the scales. From the buds of the rhizome, above-ground shoots develop annually, which die off in the fall. The old parts of the rhizome also die off, the connection between the piecemeal groups of shoots is broken, as a result of which, over time, several daughter plants develop from one plant with a branched rhizome (creeping wheatgrass, lily of the valley, gooseberry, lupena, etc.). The internal structure of the rhizome is also typical of the stem. Thus, rhizomes are primarily organs of vegetative propagation, and in some plants (water lily, lily of the valley, calamus, rosemary) a large amount of reserve nutrients accumulates in thickened rhizomes.
Tuber- a modified shoot with a very thickened stem in which reserve nutrients accumulate.
Tubers are either underground or aboveground. Underground tubers appear as thickenings on a thin leafless underground shoot - stolon (potato, Jerusalem artichoke). The place where the tuber attaches to the stolon is its base. The apical and lateral buds develop on the tuber - eyes. The area of the tuber between the buds (eyes) is internode. At the base of each kidney is located edge- place of attachment of the reduced leaf. As on ordinary shoots, the buds on the tubers are arranged in a spiral. Aboveground leafy and flowering shoots develop from the tuber eyes. Therefore, in addition to the storage function, tubers perform the function of vegetative propagation.
Figure 8.14. Modifications of the shoot or its individual parts: a —strawberry mustache; b - potato stolons and tubers; c—hyacinth bulb (general view and longitudinal section); G — lily bulb; d — short rhizome of kupena; e — barberry thorn (modified leaves); g - white acacia spines (modified stipules); h, l—thorns of hawthorn and honey locust (modified shoots); And — thorns rosehip; k—pea tendril (modified part of the leaf); m—grape tendrils (modified shoots); 1 — stem (bottom); 2 —leaves; 3—inflorescence primordium; 4—adventitious roots; 5 —scars from dead aboveground stems.
Bulb- an underground shortened shoot with succulent leaves attached to a short stem called bottom. At the top of the bottom there is an apical bud, in the axils of the juicy scales there are lateral buds that give rise to young baby bulbs (garlic). Spare nutrients accumulate in the juicy scales. The outside of the bulb of many plants is covered with dry scales that perform a protective function. Bulbs can also appear as modifications of above-ground shoots. For example, small bulbs (bulbs) develop in the leaf axils (in some types of onions).
Corm outwardly similar to an onion, but differs from it in the highly overgrown bottom, which serves as an organ for storing reserve nutrients. On the outside it is covered with dry filmy leaves. The corm has well-developed apical and axillary buds, giving rise to a flowering shoot and a club of baby bulbs. Corms are formed in colchicum, gladiolus, and saffron.
Modified above-ground shoots are characteristic of many plants. In this case, both individual parts of the shoot (stem, leaves, buds) and the shoot as a whole are modified. For example, ordinary, or cabbage, produces head of cabbage, consisting of a short stem with numerous thick, overlapping leaves, almost devoid of chloroplasts. The head of cabbage is essentially a metamorphosed giant bud, i.e., a rudimentary shoot.
Plants with modified shoots are most often found in arid areas where there is a lack of moisture, and therefore the function of storing water begins to predominate in the vegetative organs of plants. Plants with such shoots are called succulents(see § 14.4).
Quite common modifications of parts of the shoot are thorns. In some plants, leaves (barberry, cacti), stipules (white acacia) or leaf petiole turn into spines after the leaf blade falls off (astragalus). In hawthorn, joster, wild apple, and wild pear, the stem of some side shoots is transformed into a thorn. In peas, peas and other climbing plants, the upper part of the compound leaf turns into tendrils, and in grapes - into shoots.
To replenish the lack of nutrients in the soil and, above all, the lack of nitrogen, insectivorous plants (sundew rotundifolia, bladderwort, hybrid nepenthes, etc.) form modified leaves - catching devices.
Source : ON THE. Lemeza L.V. Kamlyuk N.D. Lisov "A manual on biology for those entering universities"
Common modifications of angiosperm shoots are rhizomes, bulbs and tubers. They are usually formed in perennial herbaceous plants as organs in which reserve nutrients are deposited. In such plants, the green above-ground parts die off during the winter, but modified shoots remain in the soil. In the spring, due to the nutrients they contain, the plants again develop ordinary above-ground shoots.
In addition to storing nutrients, modified shoots also perform another function. With their help, plants can reproduce vegetatively.
Rhizome
Modified escape rhizome found in many perennial plants (nettle, lily of the valley, wheatgrass, etc.). The rhizome is located in the upper layers of the soil, resembles a root, but spreads horizontally.
The rhizome is a shoot, since it has apical and axillary buds, as well as leaves that are modified into scales. The resemblance to a root is given to the rhizome by adventitious roots that grow from it along its entire length.
During the growing season, the plant deposits reserve nutrients in the rhizome. Due to them, new young shoots grow from the buds of the rhizome next year.
With the help of parts of the rhizome containing buds and roots, vegetative propagation of plants is possible.
Bulb
Modified escape bulb characteristic of onions, tulips, lilies and other plants. At the bottom of the bulb there is a flattened stem called bottom. Two types of leaves, modified into scales, grow from the bottom. The outer leaves are changed into dry scales, which perform a protective function. The inner thick and juicy scales contain reserve nutrients (the bulbs contain many different sugars, among other substances) and water. The bulbs also grow buds from the bottom.
In favorable conditions, adventitious roots grow from below the bottom of the bulb, resulting in the formation of a fibrous root system. Shoots can grow from the buds, but they can also develop into so-called baby bulbs. Each such bulb can give rise to a separate new plant. Thus, vegetative propagation is carried out using bulbs.
Tuber
Modified escape tuber can be observed in plants such as potatoes and Jerusalem artichokes, as well as some others.
The tuber is formed at the top of another modified shoot - stolon. Stolons grow from the lower parts of above-ground shoots and go into the soil. Organic substances synthesized by the green parts of the plant during photosynthesis move along the stolons to their tops, and thus tubers are formed here. A lot of starch accumulates in the tubers.
A tuber is, although modified, a shoot. It has short, but thick internodes and many buds, which are called eyes. The leaves of the tubers are reduced. The eyes are located in the recesses of the tuber, and in each such recess there may be several eye-buds.
The part of the tuber that is connected to the stolon is called the base of the tuber. On the opposite side of the base is the top of the tuber. There are more eyes closer to the top. Most often, the apical eye-bud develops into a young green shoot.
Slide 3
Root zones
Slide 4
The depth of penetration of plant roots into the soil depends on the conditions in which they grow.
- Potato
- 1.6 m
- Peas
- 1.7 m
- 2.25 m
- Sunflower
- 2.8 m
- Sugar
- beet
- 3.2 m
Slide 5
- Because of the permafrost in the tundra, the roots of plants are located near the surface, and the plants themselves are short. Thus, the roots of the dwarf birch penetrate into the soil to a depth of no more than 20 cm. Desert plants have very long roots, because groundwater runs deep.
- Tundra
Slide 6
- In the process of adaptation to living conditions, the roots of some plants have changed and began to perform additional functions
Slide 7
- Nodule roots. You remember that there are nitrogen-fixing bacteria. They settle on the roots of legume plants and as a result the roots are covered with nodules. This is a symbiosis of bacteria and plants.
Slide 8
- Root crops are formed both from the main root and from the lower parts of the stem. A large supply of organic matter accumulates in these parts. Root crops of carrots, beets, radishes, radishes, and turnips are important vegetable crops.
Slide 9
- Root tubers are formed on lateral and adventitious roots.
- Dahlia
- Sweet potato
Slide 10
- The roots can also serve to store water. This function is especially well expressed in some tropical epiphytic (tree-growing) orchids. The outer bark of the down-hanging adventitious aerial roots of these plants consists of large and empty cells that can absorb water like a sponge. When it rains, these cells are filled with water, which is then used for the needs of the plant.
- In a number of epiphytic orchids, flat, green and very long roots are the main photosynthetic organs.
Slide 11
- Ivy and some other climbing plants have adventitious roots - clothespins - that form on the side of the stem. Facing a tree, rock or other support. Penetrating into cracks. They thicken, plugging the holes, like a well-fitted cork, and thus firmly hold the plant on the support. If the ivy roots come across a completely smooth surface, the end of the root expands and sticky juice is released from it, with the help of which the root is attached as tightly as possible to the surface. The roots in the lower part of the stem grow firmly to the wall, and the young ones formed on the growing shoots look for new support.
Slide 12
- Plants that live like orchids on the trunks and branches of trees in tropical rainforests form aerial roots that hang freely down. Such roots absorb rainwater and help plants live in these peculiar conditions.
Slide 13
- The formation of a banyan tree begins with the formation of aerial roots on large horizontal branches of an adult tree, which usually do not bear root hairs. At certain moments in the life of a tree, a lot of them appear, and they hang in garlands from horizontal branches. Aerial roots grow very slowly, and after a while most of them dry out without ever reaching the soil. Single aerial roots grow to the ground and take root, after which their above-ground part intensively thickens, acquiring the appearance and conducting function of trunks.
- About the sacred banyan tree, growing in Sri Lanka in the town of Aluradhanur, it is known that it was brought here from India as a young tree in 288 BC. This is the oldest tree planted by man, the age of which is documented.
Slide 14
Slide 15
- Stranglers are initially epiphytic ficuses, the aerial roots of which grow to the ground and take root, and then, branching more and more, gradually entwine the trunk of the host tree, using it as a support. The roots thicken, intertwine and grow together. Mechanical compression of the host tree occurs, which impedes its development and growth and causes its death after several decades. As a result, a dense and hollow trunk-framework of ficus roots remains.
- In some areas, strangler ficuses are a real disaster, as they “attack” valuable cultivated plants (palm trees, citrus fruits). At later stages of their development, strangler ficuses can become banyan trees.
Slide 16
Slide 17
- The stilted roots of plants are very peculiar. They are most often found in species of the genus Pandanus and are an important adaptation to living in conditions of strong and sometimes hurricane winds on tropical oceanic islands. Stilt roots are also often found in tropical plants that grow in soft soil, such as mangrove trees, some palm trees, and even tropical rainforest grasses.
Slide 18
Pandanus
Slide 22
- Very impressive are the plank-shaped roots, which are mainly characteristic of large tropical rainforest trees. These formations are lateral roots protruding above the soil surface. At first they have a round cross-section, but over time, strong one-sided secondary growth occurs on their upper side, and eventually the roots begin to resemble flat boards leaning against the tree. Sometimes weakly expressed plank-shaped roots are found in plants of the temperate zone, for example, in beech, elm, and poplar.
Slide 23
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“Plant tissues” - Morphology and anatomy. As a rule, they cause thickening of the axial organs. Under the stoma there is a gas-air chamber. Formed by cells with uniformly thickened, often lignified walls. The division of functions led to the emergence of specialized groups of cells - tissues and organs. Companion cells. 20.
“Structure of a plant leaf” - Test work with the ability to print or save in a file. The animations are very intelligible and understandable. Gallery – a variety of visual material. Very colorful photographs. The use of teaching staff in the lesson helps to solve a number of methodological and didactic problems. Choose the correct statements. Tasks. Comparison of leaves of plants presented on the board.
“Cellular structure of a leaf” - Insert the missing letters: Inter... node, opposite, n... run, v... g... tive, g... n... r... tive, leaf... vaya, g... lki, arc... war l... lk ...vanie, hl...r...fil... Where there are no leaves, there are no fruits. Goal: To form in students an idea of the cellular structure of a leaf Lesson objectives: To deepen knowledge about plant tissues 2. To develop creativity, criticality, attention and memory 3. To develop communicative skills.
“Escape biology” - Escape scales adventitious roots nodes apical bud. S tructure. Vyushch. Mobile FUNCTIONS in-in tolerates growth. stock for light. Biology. The science. Fetus. K-ki, they say, it’s old, it’s not business. CHLORO... Life. Straight. Intercl. R. top up. Cells. Item. Gardens, parks. Vital activity of the cell. Tk vein. Chromosomes.
“Organs of a flowering plant” - Root Shoot Stem Leaf Flower Fruit Seed. The reproductive organ of flowering plants. Organs of a flowering plant. 2. Generative organs of plants. Organs of flowering plants. Gymnosperm ferns. Name the organs of a flowering plant? A leaf is one of the main organs of a plant, occupying a lateral position in the shoot.
“The plant organism as a single whole” - Tuber. Monocots, dicots, seed coat, embryo, store of nutrients. It is not computers that create miracles, but teachers! Dry succulent single-seeded multi-seeded protection and seed propagation. Fetus. And they come down to us like paratroopers from the sky. Common sucker. Plant. Loch pshat. Root. Guess the riddle.
