Instructions and wiring diagrams for a solid fuel heating boiler. Heating boiler connection diagram - we master it ourselves Solid fuel boiler house diagram

Heating units operating on various types of solid fuel differ significantly in operation from electric, gas and liquid fuel heat generators. In this regard, connecting a solid fuel boiler has a number of features. Let's consider how to properly install a heating unit so that its operation is efficient and safe, as well as how to install a heating system with two boilers.

Solid fuel boiler in the heating system

Features of solid fuel boilers

The difference between a solid fuel heat generator and boilers operating on other energy sources is based on the combustion characteristics of wood, coal and other types of solid fuel.

1. Inertia. Solid fuel that has flared up in the combustion chamber cannot be quickly extinguished, so there is always a risk of overheating of the coolant. The boiling of water in the boiler jacket leads to an abrupt increase in pressure in the system and its depressurization. To avoid an emergency, an automatic valve designed to relieve pressure must be included in the piping of a solid fuel boiler.

Due to inertia, it is more difficult to control the heating of the coolant - after the thermostat is activated, the valve closes, reducing the air flow into the combustion chamber, but for some time combustion continues in the same mode and the temperature of the liquid in the circuit manages to rise by at least another 2-3 degrees before stabilizing.

Attention! A pellet boiler does not have such a disadvantage as high inertia, since the design provides for the supply of fuel to the combustion chamber in small portions. Stopping the supply leads to a rapid extinction of the flame.

2. Moisture condensation in the firebox. Condensation forms when a very cool coolant with a temperature below 50 degrees enters the water jacket of the unit. The loss of condensation is fraught with rapid corrosion of the metal from which the walls of the combustion chamber are made, since this moisture is an aggressive environment. In addition, condensation mixed with ash forms a sticky substance that is difficult to clean from the inside of the firebox.

The connection diagram of a solid fuel boiler must include a mixing unit, thanks to which the liquid heated by the boiler is mixed into the cooled return coolant.

Attention! The cast iron boiler, which runs on solid fuel, is resistant to corrosion and is not afraid of condensation. However, a mixing unit is also added to the piping of such a unit, since the entry of cooled coolant into the water jacket of a hot boiler can lead to the destruction of cast iron due to temperature shock.

Basic principles for connecting a solid fuel unit

When considering how to properly connect a solid fuel boiler, you need to pay attention to the basic piping elements that ensure the safe operation of the heat generator. We are talking about a safety group and a mixing unit.

The safety group, which includes a pressure gauge, as well as a safety valve and an air vent, mounted on one manifold, is installed directly on the outlet pipe of the boiler unit. The pressure gauge helps monitor the pressure in the system, the air vent serves to remove air pockets, and the safety valve releases excess steam-water mixture when the pressure exceeds the specified parameters.

Important! It is prohibited to install a circulation pump or shut-off valves between the pipe and the safety group.

A mixing unit based on a three-way valve with a thermal head is installed together with a bypass (jumper) connecting the supply and return pipes, thereby forming a small circulation circuit.

The system that protects the boiler from condensation and temperature shock operates according to the following scheme:

1. While the fuel flares up, the valve blocks the flow of cooled coolant from the large heating circuit. As a result, the circulation pump circulates a limited volume of coolant in a small circle.
2. A sensor is installed on the return pipe, connected to the thermal head of a three-way valve. When the coolant in the return pipeline heats up to 50-55 degrees, the thermal head is activated and presses on the valve stem.
3. The valve smoothly opens slightly and the cooled coolant begins to gradually flow into the boiler jacket, mixing with the heated coolant from the bypass.
4. When all radiators warm up and the return temperature rises to values ​​safe for the boiler, the three-way valve closes the bypass, completely opening the passage of coolant flow through the return pipeline.

The basic diagram for connecting a solid fuel boiler to the heating system is as simple and reliable as possible; you can install the piping yourself.

It is important to know how to connect a solid fuel boiler using polymer pipes to avoid common problems:

• It is unsafe to use polymer pipes for piping a boiler - they may not withstand an emergency increase in temperature and pressure. Therefore, it is recommended to make the piping with steel or copper, and connect the polymer pipes to the manifold that distributes the coolant through the heating circuits. As a last resort, a metal pipe is installed only between the boiler supply pipe and the safety group.
• The use of a thick-walled polypropylene pipe for the return pipeline in the area between the three-way valve and the boiler pipe leads to the fact that the surface-mounted temperature sensor responds to the heating of the coolant with a noticeable delay. It is better to install a metal pipe.

Connecting a solid fuel unit with a hydraulic boom

The pump for a heating system with forced supply of coolant is installed on the return pipe between the three-way valve and the boiler. This arrangement allows it to circulate water or antifreeze in a small circle. It is impossible to install the circulation pump on the supply pipe, since the device is not designed to work with a steam-water mixture that is formed when the coolant overheats. Stopping the pump will speed up or provoke an explosion of the heating boiler, since cooled coolant will no longer flow into it.

How to reduce the cost of harness

The basic connection diagram for a solid fuel boiler involves the use of a three-way mixing valve equipped with a thermal head and an overhead sensor. This equipment is quite expensive, and it can be replaced with a cheaper option - a three-way valve with a built-in thermostatic element. This device has a fixed setting - the valve is activated when the ambient temperature reaches 55 or 60 degrees (depending on the model).

Installing a valve that maintains a fixed temperature reduces the financial costs of installing protection for a solid fuel unit from condensation and thermal extremes. The ability to flexibly control the temperature of the coolant is lost; deviations from the set value can reach 1-2 degrees, but this is not critical.

Connection with heat accumulator

In order for the solid fuel unit to operate in optimal mode and its efficiency to approach the rated values, it is necessary to use a buffer tank, which serves as an accumulator of excess thermal energy remaining after heating the coolant in the heating circuit to operating temperatures.

If a wood or coal boiler operates without a heat accumulator, the draft must be reduced so that the wood does not burn too hot and the coolant does not overheat. But due to a lack of oxygen, an increased amount of carbon monoxide is formed, which enters the atmosphere. In advanced European countries, for this reason, it is prohibited to operate solid fuel heaters without installing a buffer tank.

Installing a heat accumulator has one more advantage: the fuel, which burns with an optimal supply of oxygen, releases maximum thermal energy, and its excess does not fly away into the chimney, but accumulates in a buffer tank. This allows you to maintain a high temperature of the coolant in the heating circuit for several hours after the fuel has burned out.

Connecting a solid fuel boiler to a heat accumulator involves connecting a buffer tank as follows:

Wiring diagram for a heat accumulator with a solid fuel boiler

To control the temperature of the coolant supplied to the radiators, a second three-way valve and a second circulation pump are installed on the supply line after the heat storage tank connected to the system.

The cooling time of the coolant in a system with a heat accumulator after the boiler is extinguished depends on the volume of the reservoir and the heating temperature. For a private house with an area of ​​150-200 sq. m requires a buffer tank with a volume of 1 cubic meter. m. You can purchase a ready-made heat accumulator of a suitable volume or make it yourself - it is a rectangular or cylindrical container made of steel sheet, equipped with reliable thermal insulation.

Important! The installation of a heat accumulator should be provided for at the design stage of the heating system. In order for the boiler to simultaneously heat water in the heating circuit, the DHW system and in the buffer tank, its power must be twice the calculated one.

Installation with electric or gas unit

Two heat generators can be installed in one heating system, the main one is a solid fuel unit, and the additional one is a boiler running on gas or electricity.

This option is convenient because at night you can turn on the boiler, which operates in automatic mode. Gas in cylinders is inconvenient to use as the main energy carrier due to the need to take care of regular fuel supplies. Electricity is the most expensive energy source and it is most profitable to operate such a boiler unit only at night if the region has a system of cheap night tariffs.

How to connect solid fuel and gas boilers into one heating system for a large house? The simplest option is to connect two heat generators in parallel through a heat accumulator, which will additionally serve as a hydraulic separator.

The gas boiler operates in standby mode while the water in the buffer tank is heated by the solid fuel unit. After the fuel burns out, the coolant begins to cool, and as soon as the temperature sensor transmits the corresponding signal to the gas unit controller, it automatically turns on. When a solid fuel heat generator is restarted, the reverse process occurs - heating the coolant above a certain temperature leads to the gas burner turning off.

A system with an electric boiler in large houses is installed according to a similar principle. But for small private houses, a simpler and cheaper option for connecting a TT and an electric boiler is relevant (see diagram).

Connection diagram for solid fuel boiler and electric boiler

Boiler units are connected in parallel with the installation of check valves at each outlet. The electric boiler is equipped with a built-in circulation pump, which cannot be turned off, so for a solid fuel heat generator it is necessary to select a more powerful pump so that the TT boiler has an advantage over the electric one when operating together.

The system is being supplemented:

• a thermostat that turns off the boiler’s TT circulation pump when the coolant cools down;
• a room temperature sensor, which turns on the electric boiler when the room temperature drops after the fuel burns out in the TT unit.

Method of primary and secondary rings

How to connect two boilers into one system using a minimum amount of electronics? The use of the method of primary and secondary circulation rings allows for joint piping of the CT of the unit and the electric boiler. Hydraulic separation of flows is carried out without installing a hydraulic arrow.

Option for connecting two types of boilers to one heating system

Both boilers, the DHW boiler, as well as all heating circuits, are connected by both supply and return pipelines to a single circulation ring - they are the primary one. The minimum pressure drop is ensured by the small distance between each pair of connections (no more than 300 mm). The pressure of the pump installed on the main circuit ensures the movement of the coolant along the primary ring, while the flow intensity is not affected by the pumps of the secondary circuits (to which heat consumers are connected).

In order for the system to function properly, it is necessary to perform complex hydraulic calculations and select the optimal pipeline diameter for all circuits. It is also important to calculate the pump performance. The actual performance of the pumping unit on the main circuit must exceed the coolant flow rate on the “volumetric” secondary circuit itself. Both boilers are equipped with shut-off thermostats so that they can operate instead of each other.

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Basic requirements for the boiler room

Domestic solid fuel heat generators are installed in separate dry rooms, outbuildings or separate buildings. The dimensions of the boiler room are determined by the dimensions of the unit, as well as the features of its maintenance, however, the smallest allowable area is 7 square meters. In this case, it is necessary to provide a place protected from atmospheric influences for storing the fuel supply - it must be dry before loading.

If the walls of the boiler room are made of flammable materials, they must be covered with a 2.5-3 cm layer of plaster or thermal insulation in the form of an 8 mm layer of asbestos and sheet iron. If there is no fire protection for the ceiling, the distance from it to the boiler body must be at least 120 cm.

The normal operation of a solid fuel boiler is ensured by a stable air flow. Therefore, it is necessary to provide supply and exhaust ventilation in the boiler room. The first channel, measuring 30x30 cm, should go to the bottom of the wall opposite the chimney, and the exhaust hole, whose dimensions should be 40x40 cm, should be located no more than 40 cm from the ceiling. The boiler room ventilation must ensure normal draft. If there is a shortage of it, the boiler’s performance drops, and if there is an excess, it becomes difficult to regulate the fuel combustion process.

The solid fuel boiler must be installed on a strictly horizontal fireproof (concrete or brick) platform about 7 cm thick. On a wooden floor, such equipment can only be installed with an intermediate brick layer covered with a 3-4 mm metal sheet or at least 5 cm cement screed . The base of a solid fuel boiler should be 10-20 cm wider than the external dimensions of the body, but the sides of the firebox should additionally be equipped with a safety zone at least 40 cm wide.

Installation standards

Requirements for the installation of solid fuel heating boilers are regulated by Fire Safety Standards (FSN) and Construction Norms and Regulations (SNiP). It is very important to follow the provisions of these regulations, since not only the efficiency of the heating system being installed, but also the safety of the residents of your home directly depends on this.

Basic standards for installing solid fuel boilers:

• the distance from the heating boiler body to the walls of the boiler room must be at least 0.5 m;
• there should be no gaps between the bottom of the boiler and the screed;
• the distance from the firebox door to the opposite wall of the boiler room must be at least 1.3 m;
• if the heating system is designed for natural circulation of coolant, the boiler should be placed so that its heat exchanger is lower than radiators and other heating devices;
• the first meter of the inlet and outlet pipes is made of steel pipe;
• the internal walls of the chimney are protected by stainless steel sheets;
• the cross-section of the pipe through which flue gases are discharged from the boiler must be no less than the cross-section of the chimney;
• the vacuum at the boiler outlet is regulated by the height and configuration of the chimney - it should be 10-80 Pa;
• the joint between the smoke outlet pipe and the chimney is compacted and sealed;
• the chimney must have a minimum number of bends;
• the temperature of the water entering the heat exchanger from the heating system must be at least 60 o C;
• when equipping the heat exchanger with a heating element, grounding the boiler is mandatory;
• the connection between the boiler smoke exhaust pipe and the chimney must be removable;
• if the roof of the building is made of flammable materials, the chimney must be equipped with a spark arrester;
• the chimney duct must be equipped with valves, as well as a hatch for cleaning soot.

Connecting a solid fuel boiler from different angles in the photo

What do you need to install a solid fuel boiler yourself?

If you are not going to involve specialists to install a solid fuel boiler, you will have to prepare for the work yourself.

First of all, you will need special clothing and tools:

• overalls, leggings and welding mask;
• welding machine;
• circular saw with cutting discs for metal;
• building level and square;
• set of open-end wrenches;
• adjustable wrenches;
• screwdriver with a set of various attachments;
• tape measure and marker;
• sealant gun.

To connect the boiler to the heating system you need to additionally purchase:

• 2 ball valves with drive and double-sided (external and external) thread with a diameter of 50 mm;
• safety group (pressure gauge, safety valve, automatic air vent and a pair of ball valves with a diameter of 15 mm);
• 3 steel couplings with a diameter of 50 mm;
• steel adapters 57-32 mm;
• steel bends with a diameter of 50 mm;
• chimney with gate valve;
• metal pipes for connecting the boiler;
• heat-protected sealant;
• plumbing winding;
• circulation pump (installed on the return line and provides forced circulation of the coolant in case of difficulty in natural circulation).

The most important thing when installing a heat generator is to follow the manufacturer's instructions. Before starting installation work, it is necessary to assemble the heating system and check it for leaks, as well as organize ventilation and a smoke removal system in the boiler room.

Heating systems based on solid fuel boilers must be equipped with open expansion tanks, the function of which is to protect communications from rupture due to overheating of the coolant.

Subtleties of installing solid fuel boilers

The boiler piping scheme is adopted in accordance with the characteristics of the heated object.

You can implement it using one of the following options:

• boiler in an open heating system with natural circulation and radiators;
• boiler in a closed system with forced circulation and radiators;
• boiler with thermal accumulator in a closed forced system with radiators;
• boiler with thermal accumulator in a closed system with forced circulation and heated floors;
• boiler with radiators and heated floors as part of a forced circulation system.

The piping of a solid fuel boiler must be equipped with a safety system. The latter includes:

• heat accumulator or buffer tank;
• three-way valve for adding cold water;
• thermostat in the control system.

The safety group of a solid fuel boiler is installed at the outlet, i.e. on the hot water supply line.

Immediately before installing a solid fuel boiler, it is necessary to carry out a visual inspection and test firing in the open air for about 1 hour at maximum load of the combustion chamber.

According to the requirements of SNiP, after connecting the boiler, a hydraulic pressure test of the system should be carried out for 24 hours.

To do this you need:

• connect the water, open all taps and shut-off valves;
• increase the pressure in the system to 1.3 atm (with a control valve);
• make sure there are no leaks, especially at welded and threaded connections.

If the installation, piping and connection of the boiler are carried out correctly, there will be no pressure losses or coolant leaks. In this case, you can begin to inspect the boiler itself:

• checking the installation of grates and fireclay;
• setting the ignition valve to the extreme position to ensure optimal traction;
• checking the quality of installation of plugs, combustion chamber doors and other elements of the boiler design.

First start of the heating system

Before the first heating of the boiler, the pressure in the system should be about 1 atm. Don't forget to open the damper on the chimney. The kindling material is placed on the grate, after which fuel can be loaded into the combustion chamber. After 10-15 minutes from the moment of ignition, the ignition valve should be closed. When the temperature of the coolant in the system reaches 85 o C, you should adjust the thermostat, and then set the minimum (about 5 cm) gap between the primary damper and the firebox door.

The dampers allow you to adjust the volume of secondary air and thus increase the efficiency of the heating boiler.

Installing a solid fuel boiler is not an easy task, but it can be solved. It is important not only to comply with the requirements of regulatory documents, but also to follow elementary logic. And do not forget to use the successful experience of those who have already dealt with the organization of heating systems based on solid fuel heat generators. The most important thing is to ensure optimal operation of heating equipment. After all, its reliability and durability and, of course, the microclimate in the premises of your home directly depend on this.

Correct installation and connection of a solid fuel boiler on video

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Solid fuel heating boilers and their features

Solid fuel boilers are the cheapest way to install heating in your home, although this is not an easy task. Companies producing boilers of this type are producing increasingly more consumer-friendly models that emit a minimum of harmful gases into the environment. However, outdated models are still being produced, although their number is becoming smaller every year, and professional, modern, efficient, easy-to-use and safe boilers are taking their place.

Solid fuel boilers can be of upper and lower combustion. If the main intended fuel for the boiler is wood, then you should choose a bottom combustion model. The efficiency of such a boiler will be higher than that of the top combustion model, since these boilers are designed for coal combustion.

A bottom combustion boiler consists of two or three combustion chambers, which makes it possible to completely burn all fuel particles. The result of this principle is that there is a significant reduction in fuel consumption and harmful substances enter the atmosphere in smaller quantities (the opposite situation is observed with top-combustion boilers, in which unburned particles enter the atmosphere along with smoke).

Boilers with bottom combustion offer opportunities for controlling the combustion process and adjusting productivity by dosing portions of air that enters the combustion chamber. This is possible thanks to a draft regulator or a fan with a control system.

Solid fuel boilers made of cast iron and steel

Cast iron boilers are more resistant to corrosion than steel ones. This is an important point, since during ignition of a solid fuel boiler, until the temperature in the combustion chamber exceeds the dew point temperature, condensation occurs in the combustion chamber. This dew is not just water; when coal burns, it turns into a very aggressive environment. For this reason, corrosion will appear on a steel boiler earlier than on a cast iron one.

A steel heat exchanger will burn out much earlier due to the fact that cast iron has higher fire resistance. But, a cast iron boiler is more fragile than a steel one and may break if it is accidentally hit. For cast iron boilers, temperature changes are detrimental - the temperature of the heated liquid should not exceed the return flow temperature by more than 20 ºC.

Cast iron boilers are divided into sections, which makes it possible to transport them in parts. If a fault is found in one section, you do not have to replace the entire boiler. These options are not available on steel boilers, which are one piece. A steel boiler is much easier to manufacture, while special casting technologies must be used to manufacture a cast iron one.

The configuration of steel boilers can be completely different, while cast iron boilers are very similar. The reason for this is the features of the sectional design. Since cast iron boilers are difficult to optimize, their efficiency is slightly lower than that of steel ones.

Accumulator tank in a home heating system

An accumulator tank in a heating system can also be called a buffer tank. Today they are increasingly being used in heating systems. Let's take a closer look at what it is.

An accumulator tank or heat accumulator is almost the central element in a heating system powered by several heat sources. A non-constant heat source, such as a solid fuel boiler or solar system, heats the water in the cavity of the storage tank, and can satisfy the moderate thermal energy needs of the heated space. And the share of other sources of thermal energy, which have higher operating costs, will be much less.

An electric boiler in multi-tariff mode also works much more economically if it is used in conjunction with a battery tank, which makes it possible to save maximum energy at night.

Heating systems that use heat pumps are also often equipped with storage tanks.

The heating system, powered by a solid fuel boiler with a heat accumulator, operates in optimal mode. The coolant flows from the boiler into the battery tank as hot as possible. And from the heat accumulator charged by the boiler, the coolant is transferred into the system as needed, and does not depend on whether the boiler is running.

A person using a heat accumulator significantly increases his comfort in terms of heating; even outdated heating systems equipped with a buffer tank are comparable to modern ones in quality. You can load fuel and service the boiler at any time. It becomes possible to fully automate the heating system after installing the battery tank. Thermal energy will be taken from the tank in the amount required. The battery tank will protect the boiler from excessive overheating. Installing a heat accumulator makes it possible to use polymer materials, but if the tank is not installed, then this cannot be done.

Boiler heating diagram

The boiler heating scheme, or rather its preparation, is a task that requires the right approach. The owner of the building is obliged to choose the most optimal option for heating his home, relying on his material capabilities and fuel, which can be easily found.

Adjustable heating system in a two-story house

In this case, a diagram of the heating system of a two-story house is presented. Most often, a water heating system is installed, although air-type heating systems are becoming increasingly popular. The presented diagram can be taken as a basis for larger objects, taking into account proper adaptation to a specific situation. The scheme can be implemented independently, although the best option would be installation by highly qualified specialists. This is due to some nuances that may occur during the implementation of the heating system, and during its further operation.

• metal-plastic pipes of the required diameter;
• boiler;
• several chokes;
• gas convectors;
• several taps;
• heating batteries;
• brackets.

Heating a house with a solid fuel boiler

Heating a house with a solid fuel boiler is a pressing task today. This is due to the fact that energy resources are becoming more expensive every day, and are not always available, which cannot be said about solid fuels.

Since cottage construction is now on the rise, people are increasingly wondering about heating their cottages. Gas is not supplied to houses of this type immediately, and sometimes it takes a long time, and diesel fuel or electricity is quite expensive.

Naturally, you can use a regular wood stove or fireplace, but they have minimal heat output, and you will have to monitor them all the time. Installing a solid fuel boiler is the optimal solution to this problem. Solid fuel boilers can be fired with coal, wood, peat or special wood fuel pellets. Heating a house with a solid fuel boiler is very easy in terms of maintenance and time costs associated with it. You just need to add fuel from time to time.

Solid fuel boilers are classic and pyrolysis. In a traditional type boiler, water acts as a coolant, which is heated during fuel combustion. After this, the already heated coolant is distributed through the heating system, thereby heating the house. In pyrolysis boilers, also called gas generator boilers, the operating principle is dry distillation of fuel.

Under the influence of high temperature (200 – 800 ºC) in a low-oxygen environment, wood decomposes and pyrolysis gas is released. When this gas comes into contact with oxygen, it ignites, and this is accompanied by the release of a large amount of heat. In a gas generator boiler, there is an increase in the fuel injection interval by a factor of two when compared with a conventional one, and the efficiency can reach 90%. In addition, in such a boiler the fuel burns completely.

The boiler may or may not depend on an external supply of energy. Volatile boilers require an external source of electricity as they may be equipped with an electrical control panel and may also have a fan installed to circulate air. Thanks to this, the air circulation system is greatly simplified.

To summarize, we can say that a solid fuel boiler can be used both as the main source of heat and as a backup. Despite the fact that such a boiler requires constant maintenance, it may be the only available solution in remote corners of our country. And accessible and inexpensive fuel for it allows the use of such boilers in all types of country houses.

Solid fuel boiler in operation - video

A heat accumulator is a necessary element of the heating system with a solid fuel boiler in a private home. The previous article describes a heat accumulator - a kind of analogue of a Russian stove in a modern house - “Heating a house with a solid fuel boiler.”

To heat a private house with heated floors with a solid fuel boiler, it is necessary to use a forced heating scheme in which the circulation of the coolant, water, is provided by pumps. In addition, a forced heating scheme with a solid fuel boiler should ensure a reduction in the temperature of the boiler water supplied to the underfloor heating pipelines.

Boiler manufacturers, in the operating instructions supplied with the boiler, often publish schematic diagrams of heating systems that are recommended for connection to the boiler. In addition, the instructions contain requirements for technical parameters:

• chimney;
• heating system equipment;
• systems that ensure safe operation (fire and explosion safety);
• elements for monitoring and controlling the operating mode of the boiler and other heating system equipment;
• water supply;
• electricity supply;
• fuel preparation;
• operating modes in various conditions (heating season, hot water heating in the off-season);
• operational maintenance (frequency and order of boiler firing, cleaning of deposits from the ash pan, firebox, chimney, checking safety systems).

Construction and other government codes and regulations also contain certain requirements for the design and safe operation of boilers and heating systems.

When designing heating, the hydraulic resistance of various sections of the system, pump performance, equipment placement elevations, building heat loss and many other parameters are calculated, taken into account and selected.

It is obvious that designing forced heating with a solid fuel boiler, choosing a boiler and other system elements for a specific facility is a complex, complex engineering task, the implementation of which should involve specialists.

In this article, using a specific example, we will consider a forced heating scheme with a solid fuel boiler.

Solid fuel boiler connection and piping diagram

To heat the premises of a house with heated floors, a system with forced circulation of coolant is required. In the diagram we see two coolant circulation circuits:

1. Boiler circuit consists of an “Atmos” boiler, a “Laddomat” pumping and mixing unit and a hot water supply system (DHW) boiler;
2. IN heating circuit includes a three-way mixing valve, a circulation pump and heating devices (warm floors) in the premises.

Coolant circulation mode in the boiler circuit regulated by the “Laddomat” pumping and mixing unit. The unit is specially designed to work with a solid fuel boiler. Blocks for similar purposes are produced by different manufacturers under their own brands.

Boiler firing mode. When the boiler is fired up, based on a signal from the thermostat sensor, the circulation pump of the mixing unit starts. The valves of the block direct the circulation of coolant only through the block in a small circle, in addition to all other elements of the heating system.

The coolant in the boiler and the surfaces of the boiler and chimney are quickly heated to operating temperature. This acceleration of heating helps to reduce deposits of soot and resins released from the fuel, reduces the amount of condensate and corrosion of the boiler metal, and increases the efficiency of the boiler.

Coolant heating mode. After the boiler is fired up, when the temperature of the water circulating in the small circle rises to 70-80 o C, the valves of the mixing block begin to turn on the circulation of water in the heating system. At the first stage, in the mixing block, cold water flowing through the return pipe from the heating system and hot water circulating in a small circle are mixed.

Mixing of water in the mixing block occurs gradually, so that the temperature of the water supplied to the boiler does not decrease below a specified value (65 o C). After heating the water in the heating system to the set temperature, the water addition stops. The circulation pump of the unit continues to ensure the movement of coolant in the boiler circuit. The heating mode ends after combustion of the fuel loaded into the boiler. The temperature of the water leaving the boiler decreases and, based on the signal from the thermostat sensor, the circulation pump of the unit is turned off. The valves of the mixing block switch the coolant circulation in the boiler circuit to the natural coolant circulation mode.

Room heating mode. After the temperature of the water leaving the boiler increases to the operating temperature, according to the thermostat signal, the circulation pump of the heating circuit is turned on. Through the mixing valve, hot water taken from the boiler circuit begins to circulate in the heating appliances of the house.

The mixing valve mixes the water cooled in the heating devices with the hot water at the entrance to the heating circuit - in this way the temperature of the water in the heating devices of the premises is regulated. Temperature adjustment by the mixing valve can be done manually or with an automatic regulator.

Protection mode against overheating (water boiling in the boiler). The combustion process of solid fuel in a boiler cannot be stopped instantly. Therefore, if the water circulation in the system suddenly stops (lack of electricity, breakdown) or low heat removal, the water in the boiler may boil.

Boiling water leads to an increase in pressure in the system, an increase in temperature, destruction of system elements, injury to people and other dangerous consequences for equipment and people.

The boiler is equipped with an overheating protection system. This is a heat exchanger built into the boiler, connected to the water supply. When water boils in the boiler, valve TS-130 opens based on a signal from the sensor. Cold water from the water supply enters the boiler heat exchanger, cooling the boiler, and is drained into the sewer.

The forced heating circuit with a solid fuel boiler is very sensitive to the cessation of operation of the circulation pumps. To ensure their operation in the event of a power outage, it is recommended to install uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). Such devices receive electricity from the battery and convert it into alternating voltage necessary to operate the pump.

For a closed heating system, boilers are required that are specifically designed to operate in this mode - designed to work with high pressure and equipped with an overheating protection device.

Through an open expansion vessel, the heating system is connected to the atmosphere (open system), that is, it operates under atmospheric pressure. Operating the system under atmospheric pressure has its advantages and disadvantages.

Calculation of the volume of a membrane expansion tank

A closed heating system, in which the coolant is under pressure above atmospheric pressure, has more advantages. In this case, to compensate for the thermal expansion of water, instead of an open expansion tank, a closed membrane expansion vessel is used (shown in the diagram as a dotted line to the left of the boiler).

The expansion tank is divided into two parts by an elastic movable membrane. One part of the tank receives coolant from the heating system. On the other side of the membrane in the tank there is compressed air. Air pressure balances the pressure of the coolant in the heating system. As the temperature and volume of the coolant increase, the membrane in the expansion tank moves, increasing the volume occupied by the liquid. The air on the other side of the membrane is compressed even more.

The expansion membrane tank can be horizontal or vertical. There are also those in which the membrane can be replaced, but this is not possible.

How to choose the right expansion tank volume

The volume of the membrane expansion tank is calculated using the formula: V = (VLxE) / D;

VL – total volume of liquid in the heating system;

E – liquid expansion coefficient, for water at a temperature of 85°C = 0.034;

D – efficiency of the membrane tank, calculated by the formula: D= (PV-PS)/(PV+1).

Where PV is the maximum operating pressure of the system, usually 2 bar is sufficient, PS is the charging pressure of the membrane tank, equal to 0.5 bar.

Thus, D=(2-0.5)/(2+1)=0.5

If, for example, the volume of coolant - water in the heating system of a house is about 450 liters, then the volume of the expansion tank will be equal to:

V = (450x0.034)/0.5 = 30.6 l.

Selecting the correct boiler size, i.e. its heating power is a very important condition for economical operation and proper functioning of the boiler. The boiler must be selected so that its rated heating power corresponds to the heat losses of the heated object. Choosing a boiler with a rated power that is too high can lead to increased formation of deposits (soot, tar). Therefore, you should not use a boiler that has a significantly higher power than the heat loss of the facility.

The approximate heating power of the boiler can be calculated as follows - for every 10 m2 heated area of ​​the house with average building insulation and ceiling heights up to 3 m. 1 kW of power required.

It is useful to familiarize yourself with the operating instructions for the solid fuel boiler. The operating instructions for solid fuel boilers “Atmos” (Czech Republic) can be read and downloaded by following this link. To download, in the window that opens, in the menu at the top left, select “file” -> “download”.

Heat accumulator with insulation

Heating equipment that runs on solid fuel is today an excellent alternative to gas. Well-thought-out and professionally designed piping significantly increases the service life of the unit. Among the different connection options, connecting a heat accumulator for a solid fuel boiler has become very common. This scheme allows for significant savings and relieves stress from the heating device during peak loads.

Functionality of heat accumulators

The principle of operation of the equipment is that during operation of the boiler, part of the heat is used to heat the coolant from an additional tank. The connected tank has good thermal insulation and perfectly retains the resulting heat. After the boiler is turned off, the water in the heating system cools down, and the control devices turn on the pump that supplies hot water from the storage tank.

These cycles continue as long as the water temperature in the auxiliary tank remains high enough. The total duration of operation of the system without turning on the boiler depends on the volume of the additional capacity. In practice, it allows you to heat rooms from several hours to 2 days.

The heat accumulator performs the following functions:

1. It accumulates heat coming from the system boiler and releases it over time to heat the rooms of the room.
2. Prevents the possibility of boiler overheating by removing excess heat from the exchanger.
3. Allows you to easily combine different heating devices (electric, gas, solid fuel) into a common system.
4. Helps improve the performance of heating equipment, reducing fuel consumption and improving efficiency.
5. In systems with solid fuel boilers, it eliminates constant monitoring of the condition of heating equipment. By heating the coolant in an additional container, homeowners can forget about the need to constantly load fuel into the boiler.
6. It is a source of hot water for domestic needs.

Heating system diagram

How profitable a heating system with a heat accumulator is can be seen using this example.

Let's assume that a 10 kW boiler is installed in the heating system. Every 3 hours it is necessary to load firewood. This does not fit into the plans of the homeowners. To lengthen the breaks between loads, it is necessary to use a larger boiler. But in this case, the coolant may boil, since the system will not have time to remove all the generated heat.

Connecting a heat accumulator with a capacity of about 200 liters easily solves the problem. The equipment allows you to accumulate 110 kW of energy provided that the boiler is fully and frequently loaded. Subsequently, the accumulated heat will maintain a comfortable room temperature for about 10 hours. There is no need to load the boiler with fuel all this time.

Application of heat accumulators

There are several methods for calculating tank volume. Practical experience shows that on average, for every kilowatt of heating equipment power, an additional 25 liters of water are needed. The efficiency of solid fuel boilers, which includes a heating system with a heat accumulator, increases to 84%. By leveling combustion peaks, up to 30% of energy resources are saved.

When using tanks to supply domestic hot water, there are no interruptions during peak hours. At night, when needs are reduced to zero, the coolant in the tank accumulates heat and in the morning again provides all needs in full.

Reliable thermal insulation of the device with polyurethane foam (polyurethane foam) allows you to maintain the temperature. Additionally, it is possible to install heating elements, which helps to quickly “catch up” with the desired temperature in case of emergency.

Heat accumulator in section

• great need for hot water supply. In a cottage where more than 5 people live and two bathrooms are installed, this is a real way to improve living conditions;
• when using solid fuel boilers. Batteries smooth out the operation of heating equipment during peak hours, remove excess heat, preventing boiling, and also increase the time between refills of solid fuel;
• when using electrical energy at separate tariffs for daytime and nighttime;
• in cases where solar or wind batteries are installed for storing electrical energy;
• when used in the heat supply system of circulation pumps.

This system is perfect for rooms heated with radiators or underfloor heating. Its advantages are that it is able to accumulate energy received from various sources. A combined energy supply system allows you to choose the most optimal option for obtaining heat for a given period of time.

Advantages of thermal accumulators

The mechanism of operation of the thermal accumulator

The heat accumulator can fully replace the hot water boiler. Moreover, both devices are comparable in cost.

However, the heat accumulator will not only provide hot water supply, but will also solve a whole range of additional problems. By using a solid fuel boiler with a heat accumulator, you can get many advantages:

• the service life of heating equipment increases several times;
• the boiler will never operate at maximum loads or idle;
• the temperature of the heating supply to the house is equalized. If the water in the boiler does not have time to heat up, hot coolant is automatically supplied from the reserve tank. Conversely, excess temperature of the carrier will be selected and accumulated;
• a correctly selected container continues to take heat from the boiler even with complete combustion of the fuel;
• resource savings reach 30%.

The advantages of batteries have been appreciated by many manufacturers of solid fuel boilers. And now they provide their equipment guarantees only if additional tanks are installed.

Features of installing heat accumulators

All installation work is carried out according to a previously approved project in accordance with the recommendations of the heating equipment manufacturer.

Connection diagram

In this case, it is necessary to take into account the features of installation work:

If you are the owner of a solid fuel boiler and have not yet purchased a heat accumulator, think about it. You will not only extend the life of your heating equipment, but also significantly save on fuel.

Installation of a solid fuel boiler

When installing a solid fuel boiler, there are certain rules necessary for safe and durable operation. In this article we will try to analyze the main aspects so that installing a solid fuel heating boiler with your own hands will be a simple and understandable task for you. Where and how to properly install a solid fuel boiler, this is what our article is about. Today, climatic conditions (which, by the way, change every year) in our latitudes simply require the installation of a boiler in the house and a full-fledged heating system. Of course, this is a responsible matter in which, if you don’t do everything yourself, then you at least need to understand the process in general terms in order to avoid problems in the future. The correct installation of the boiler determines how long and how reliably your heating system with a solid fuel boiler will operate. Perhaps later you will need to add additional equipment (for example, a solid fuel boiler), which means you need to think about the amount of space around the boiler. Also, if we talk about space reserves, it is necessary to think about a place for routing heating pipes from the boiler. It is quite possible to carry out such installation of heating pipes with your own hands, the main thing is to think through and calculate everything in advance. But more on this below.

For your convenience, the article is divided into subsections:

Requirements for the installation site of the boiler and standards for installing a solid fuel heating boiler.

First, you need to deal with the boiler room. The boiler room must have good ventilation, which is necessary for the proper combustion process. The floor should be concrete no thinner than 5cm.

Installation of a heating boiler primarily involves choosing the right location for the boiler room and the boiler. Of course, the correct equipment that is needed to install the system also plays an important role. Such equipment, if it is professional, costs a lot of money, and therefore it is better to entrust the installation to competent companies. Although, of course, it all depends on the scale of your heating system. Be that as it may, it will be necessary to perform the following installation work:

• Placement of a heating boiler in the boiler room
• Laying pipelines around the house
• Harness
• Starting the boiler

You can watch a detailed video “how to properly install a solid fuel boiler”:

Now regarding standards and requirements for connecting the boiler and the system as a whole. After all, how well these recommendations are followed depends on how reliably and long your system will work without outside intervention.

If we are talking about connecting the entire system, then it must be carried out taking into account all the standards, so that God forbid something breaks somewhere and does not cause you serious damage in the future. Let's consider the basic requirements for the safe operation of boiler equipment:

The area of ​​the boiler room should be not less than 7m² Boiler room must be equipped with fresh ventilation. The cross-section of the ventilation channel should be from 80 millimeters based on 1 kW of solid fuel boiler power. Standard safety distance there should be at least half a meter from the equipment to the walls. The floor must be paved with non-combustible building materials, a list of which you can find on the pages of our website. Before the firebox, like in a furnace, there should be a sheet of non-combustible material, such as metal. Chimney diameter based on the boiler flue exhaust, but you can read separately about the requirements for the chimney below. Many indicators are not an axiom and are calculated based on the documentation attached to the boiler. Fire safety above all. Both the connection to the electrical network and the water supply must be carried out in accordance with fire safety standards. Efficiency your heart of the heating system, the boiler, directly depends on the correct selection and installation of the type of chimney.

Of course, it is better to seek help with installation from professionals. But if you still decide to install a solid fuel boiler yourself, then you need to understand that you can’t count on warranty obligations from the manufacturer. Depending on the dimensions and power, the volume of the combustion part, the boiler can be unloaded either manually or using a mobile crane. In this case, it is better to take care of the installation before the construction is completely completed, so that there are no problems with doorways and the roof. In general, the calculation of the power of a solid fuel heating boiler deserves a special mention. since this is a rather complex procedure that must also be carried out by a specialist installer. Also, if you don’t know which solid fuel boiler to choose. Our site will help you with your choice.

What is required to install a solid fuel boiler?

So: how to install a solid fuel boiler, what is required for installation? Here I would like to immediately note that the competent creation of a heating system is a long and meticulous task, the implementation of which requires experience and a special tool. Whether it's a long-burning wood-burning boiler or some other type. Therefore, doing this on your own is highly not recommended. Before installing the system, it is necessary to calculate the parameters of the boiler room, based on the peculiarities of the principle of operation of the boiler, and consider the slopes. Then do the routing of pipes with coolant and soldering of connecting elements, not to mention membrane expansion tanks for heating. boilers and so on. For all this you need special equipment, a special soldering iron for plastic pipes, or a welding machine, pipe scissors and much more.

sistema-otopleniya.ru

There are many different schemes for connecting a solid fuel boiler for heating systems. It all depends on the system and its type, and of course the boiler; the most important thing in all this is the selection of the required technical installation system for a specific connection. Of course, the project can be ordered from licensed organizations that have a lot of experience and education, but finances do not always allow this, so many people draw boiler connection diagrams on their own. First of all, the efficiency of a solid fuel boiler depends on the correct connection. Installation of a heating system for a wood-burning boiler differs from installation of an electric or gas boiler. What is the difference? The fact is that the operating temperature of a wood-burning boiler is 60 - 90 degrees, and this temperature is almost impossible to accurately regulate, because all solid fuel boilers are inert boilers. Few people know all the intricacies of the operation of such a boiler, and they make the mistake of using these boilers at temperatures below 55 degrees, this temperature is the dew point, which will lead to the appearance of condensation that will flow out of the boiler.

At low temperatures, a lot of soot is formed in the chimney and heat exchanger, which will lead to difficulty in maintenance and to a decrease in efficiency. To avoid all these problems, you need to install a buffer tank, also called a heat accumulator. If everything is calculated correctly, then the heat will be transferred with maximum efficiency to the buffer tank, which will serve as a thermos, and the heating system itself will extract heat as needed. With this connection, the solid fuel boiler will produce maximum efficiency, will never overheat, it can be used with maximum efficiency, while fuel will be saved, that is, firewood, there will be less need to burn soot, and there will also be minimal condensation.

How to install a boiler safely, reliably and get maximum comfort.

In order to comfortably use a solid fuel boiler, and also to keep the house warm, the boiler needs to be loaded several times a day, at least twice, of course, all this directly depends on the correct selection of the boiler power and the use of a buffer tank. When choosing a boiler, you need to take into account the height of the ceiling, the thickness of the walls, whether the house is insulated or not, the presence of heated floors and the temperature zone.

Systems using a solid fuel boiler and a buffer tank are not cheap, but at the same time, they are in great demand in European countries. This gives the advantage of independence and efficiency over other heat sources such as electricity or gas.

The connection diagrams for a solid fuel boiler, which are presented on our website, are suitable for almost every home, and it is they that most manufacturers recommend using when connecting a wood-burning boiler to a heating system. The thermo-mixing valve adds cold water to hot water, which prevents cold water from entering the boiler body, this protects the boiler from thermal shock and corrosion; when using such a valve, your boiler will work for a very long time. The change in water volume will be compensated by the expansion tank, and the boiler safety group, also called the “burst valve,” will operate at the moment of excess pressure. The STS-20 valve will supply cold water to the cooling coil from the water supply system at the moment when the temperature in the boiler body reaches 95 degrees, with this scheme the boiler will operate as safely and economically as possible. Another important element in the operation of solid fuel boilers is the correct installation of the chimney. If the chimney is installed incorrectly, many troubles may arise that will lead to a decrease in efficiency, the formation of tar and condensate in the boiler body and smoke in the house or boiler room.

Connection diagrams for a solid fuel boiler in a place with a gas or electric boiler:

Diagram with a buffer tank; diagram for connecting a solid fuel boiler; diagram with a buffer tank.
connection diagram for a solid fuel boiler diagram for a solid fuel boiler and a gas diagram for a boiler

What kind of boiler room should there be for a solid fuel boiler?

Based on the requirements of regulatory documents, “How to connect a solid fuel boiler,” all boilers over 30 kW must be installed in a separate room.

If the boiler is less than 30 kW, it can be installed in a house or basement; for convenience, you can store fuel for it in one room, but not less than 1 m from the boiler. Before deciding where the boiler will be installed, you need to prepare the base for its installation, it must be made of non-combustible materials, everything in the boiler room must have a fire resistance limit of 0.75 hours. The boiler must be installed so that it can be accessed from all sides, There should be a distance of at least 1 meter from the front of the boiler to the wall, which will ensure trouble-free maintenance of the boiler and its loading with firewood.

The ventilation in the room must be supplied, the minimum diameter of the ventilation duct is 14 cm, and it must be located under the ceiling of the room, preferably above the boiler.

If the boiler is connected to the sewer, then before releasing the water into the sewer system, it is necessary to install a floor drain; if for some reason it is impossible to connect the drain, you need to make a container or well in which the water will be cooled before being discharged into the sewer, You also need to install a pump in this well to pump out water.

Video instructions for installing a solid fuel boiler:

» » » How to connect a solid fuel boiler - Instructions

Despite progress in the field of electrification and gasification of the country, there are still many places where these communications are practically absent. But even where they exist, many people prefer to install autonomous heating and hot water supply in their homes.

To do this, a solid fuel boiler is installed, which allows you to get heat and hot water in a private house, cottage or summer house with much lower operating costs and financial investments. The choice of this type of equipment is quite large, but all of it has fairly clear connection diagrams for various types of heating.

Purpose of the device

Solid fuel is a complex unit that heats circulating water by burning various fuels (wood, coal, sawdust, peat, pellets, etc.).

The boiler can be single-circuit, used only for space heating, or double-circuit, capable of not only heating the building, but also heating water using a storage or flow method. For this purpose, a built-in DHW system is used.

Types of solid fuel boilers

These devices differ in the types of fuel used, the number of fireboxes and combustion chambers, the method of fuel supply, and the material from which they are made. There are several types of solid fuel boilers.

Continuous combustion heaters

They are made of cast iron or steel, contain one or two fireboxes, run only on coal and wood, the operating cycle is 4–6 hours, the fuel is supplied manually. The control circuit for such equipment is mainly mechanical, the boiler temperature is 60–70 degrees, the difference between the flow and return is 20 degrees.

Power consumption is from 7 to 50 kW, and efficiency is 80–90%.

These are the most inexpensive boilers; they are used where there is no gas pipeline; they are often connected to the heating system as a backup.

Long burning devices

Steel single-fuel units - the firebox is located on top, which ensures longer burning of one load (wood for more than 24 hours, coal for up to 144 hours) and uniform heating of the coolant.

Works on firewood and its derivatives (briquettes, sawdust, shavings, etc.), as well as on coal. Boiler temperature 70–80 degrees, power up to 50 kW, efficiency – 90–95%. Fuel is supplied manually.

Pyrolysis solid fuel

They are made of steel and have two chambers connected by a nozzle. The technology is that the main fuel (dry firewood with a moisture content of no more than 25%), burning in the first chamber, releases flammable wood gas, which ignites in the second chamber.

The operating cycle if a buffer tank is connected is possible from 6 hours to a day, the operating temperature of the boiler is from 70 to 95 degrees, power consumption is up to 120 kW, efficiency is 90–95%.

These boilers are much more expensive than others, but more efficient and environmentally friendly, because... a minimum of ash is formed, and there is no soot at all.

Pellet

Steel units operate on granules (pellets) made from wood waste - sawdust, shavings, etc. If there are removable grates, it is possible to use coal and firewood.

The achieved temperature is 70–80 degrees, power up to 400 kW, operating cycle from 24 to 144 hours.

The fuel supply circuit in such boilers can be automated and controlled electronically. This type of equipment is used for heating large areas.

Connection methods

A fairly common method is to connect the water heater to the system in a closed circuit.

The housing is not equipped with an expansion tank, circulation pump and other elements that ensure the safety of its operation. Therefore, all this equipment must be included on the side of the thermal circuit.

Open

When inserting the device into the system, it must be remembered that the expansion of the coolant in these units often becomes uncontrollable.

Therefore, it is better to install a solid fuel boiler using an open circuit, when excess water, when overheated, will simply pour out through the expansion tank tube. Otherwise, increased pressure in the pipes can lead to their rupture.

With mixing unit

The second connection method involves the presence of a mixing unit. According to the instructions, the coolant at the entrance to the boiler must have a heating temperature of at least 60 degrees in order to avoid large thermal differences. Violation of this point will reduce the service life of the unit and lead to excessive contamination.

To avoid such surprises, a mixing unit must be connected to the heater piping, which will, if necessary, supply hot water from the pipeline and mix it with cold water from the system.

Buffer

The third method is a diagram for connecting a buffer tank to the boiler piping to regulate the water temperature. When the coolant is at a high temperature, the buffer absorbs excess heat, and after the boiler cools down, it releases it to the heating system.

Thus, the thermal circuit is protected from sudden changes, which allows you to maintain a constant temperature in the house.

Step-by-step installation progress

Any instructions supplied with the boiler contain recommendations for installing the equipment. Installation of a solid fuel boiler must be carried out strictly according to the manufacturer’s instructions and technical rules.

The sequence of actions must be followed.

Base

First, you should build a solid base of non-combustible material under the bottom 20 cm wider than the base of the unit; it is best to pour a concrete base. After this, you need to install the boiler on a solid base, taking into account all distances, and adjust the horizontal and vertical positions of the device.

Connecting pipes and safety elements

Adhering to the connection diagram, insert a complete safety group for this type of boiler, which is installed up to the shut-off valves.

After this, the heating pipes should be connected, it is advisable to make the connection through shut-off valves, and carefully seal the joints with flax or plumbing tape.

Chimney

Final stage

At the next stage, you can fill the heating system with water at higher pressure and check for leaks. After which it is necessary to check the location of the grates, dampers, plugs, and fireclay stones. At the end of the installation, you need to reduce the water pressure to working pressure, install dampers in the chimney and firebox, and load firewood.

Now you can light the boiler, when the design temperature is reached, turn on the thermostat to the selected heat supply level for comfortable heating of the room and do not forget to add firewood to the firebox in a timely manner.

Mandatory rules for operation

• It is prohibited to use substances that emit toxic substances for kindling (gasoline, diesel fuel, scraps of chipboard, laminate);
• the width of the passage around the boiler must be at least 1 meter;
• fuel and flammable substances must be kept at a distance of at least 40 cm from the unit;
• equipment must be regularly inspected and slag and ash removed before each kindling;
• Clean the firebox and ash pan daily to avoid clogging the chimney.

With proper operation of the equipment, your home will always have a comfortable temperature.

How efficiently and reliably the heating structure will function primarily depends on how correctly the solid fuel boiler with or without a water circuit is connected. But this is possible when the connection diagram for a solid fuel boiler is made professionally (read also: " "). If this type of water heating device is used, as can be seen in the photo, it only has an input and an output, to which the remaining elements of the circuit are connected.

To work for a long time with maximum efficiency,
The operating instructions specify a minimum temperature of 55°C at the outlet and 45°C at the inlet (return) of the boiler. If these conditions are not met, condensate, collecting on the walls, can destroy the unit. To avoid such problems, you will need a diagram for connecting a solid fuel heating boiler to the heating system.

The correct installation of the device is of no small importance, since it must be placed strictly vertically on a rigid base. To install the flooring, create a cement screed at least 5 centimeters thick with bedding of the same height. The expansion tank should be mounted at the highest point above the heating system; it is usually placed in the attic.

The boiler's chimney should be equipped with a valve made of stainless steel; at the bottom of it, a condensate collector should be installed (read: " "). To clean the channel from soot along its entire length, you can create easily accessible, small-sized hatches. If the soot removal pipe passes through an unheated room, it should be insulated and thereby extend its service life.

Experts categorically do not recommend operating these devices without a safety valve. You can also install a three-way boiler valve. It is necessary to study the instructions on how to properly connect a solid fuel boiler and how to operate it. The fact is that solid fuel units can only be used in conjunction with a water circuit with a pressure of 2 kg/cm², and the permissible temperature level should not exceed 90°C.

Connection diagrams for solid fuel boilers

There are many schemes for connecting TT boilers. Sometimes they are irreplaceable. In each individual case, the connection diagram of a solid fuel boiler to the heating system is selected individually.

When using schemes, there are a number of points to consider:

1. When making a solid fuel boiler with your own hands, the drawing should not be memorized at all. It will be enough to know the basic design of a solid fuel heat generator, as well as the pros and cons of such devices.
2. When calculating an ideal heat supply scheme, it is necessary to best combine the operation of a solid fuel device with a tank that accumulates thermal energy. The fact is that during operation the temperature of the water heating device can fluctuate in the range from 60°C to 90°C, since it is not possible to maintain it at a constant temperature. Units operating using coal or wood are classified as inert devices. This is how they differ from gas, electric and diesel heat generating plants.
3. If installed, the drawings do not always provide for the installation of a water pump that provides forced circulation of the coolant. This happens for a number of reasons, one of which is frequent voltage drops in the power grid or the absence of power lines near the house. Due to not using a pump, the cost of heating equipment will be cheaper, but when installing the system, you will need to maintain a slope. Read also: "".
4. When a solid fuel boiler is installed, the installation diagram must provide for the presence of safety lines between the boiler and the tank at the inlet and outlet pipes in the immediate vicinity of the water heater. In addition, the distance between the boiler and the expansion tank should be as short as possible. The insertion of safety valves or taps is not permitted in this area.
5. If you look at any drawing of a solid fuel boiler with your own hands and the diagram of its installation in the heating system, you will see that the circulation pump should be installed on the return pipe, which is also called the return pipe, close to the heat generator. They act in such a way that if there is a failure in the power supply, the heat supply structure continues to function without a forced device. The circulation pump is installed along a bypass path and then, if necessary, it is disconnected from the network, and the bypass is closed with taps.
6. When installing a heating system, experts advise installing a bypass, which is a jumper with a tap placed between the supply and return lines. It will be required to return excess amount of hot coolant from the radiator to the riser when it is changed using a thermostat. Read also: "

In Russia, with its rather harsh climate, there is always the problem of heating the private sector, industrial and social premises, dachas, cottages and outbuildings: cowsheds, poultry farms, pig farms and even greenhouses. The most convenient and promising is gas heating: modern interior, cleanliness during operation, no dust and dirt. But there are such remote villages and settlements that it is impossible to gasify, and not everyone can supply gas or draw up the necessary documents. This is where solid fuel boilers are used. This is the most competitive type, especially since there is no need to officially formalize the installation of the unit.

The boiler is the main heating mechanism. To use it effectively, you need a high-quality and correctly configured diagram for connecting a solid fuel boiler to the heating system. The operation of a heat generator using solid fuel is very different from the operation of units using liquid or gaseous fuel, and even more so an electric generator. Therefore, connecting a solid fuel unit has its own nuances.

Requirements for connecting and installing the boiler

Before considering this issue, let's find out what types of thermal energy sources operate on solid fuel.

Classic solid fuel boilers

They are only of the floor type, one or two contour. A heat generator with one circuit only works to heat the room. Double-circuit - also supplies the house with hot water. Most often made from steel or cast iron. Cast iron retains heat longer, but is very heavy and requires a reinforced foundation. Steel ones are cheaper and easier to operate, but most often scale appears on steel heat exchangers. Water, sometimes antifreeze, is most often used as a coolant.

The fuel used in these units is:

• firewood;
• coal;
• sawdust, wood chips;
• briquettes pressed from coal;
• peat briquettes;
• pellets - pressed granules from wood processing waste: shavings, sawdust, wood chips.

The advantages of these units:

• independence from electricity;
• simplicity and ease of operation;
• acceptable cost.

Negative qualities:

• rapid combustion of fuel, and, as a result, it is necessary to constantly add it to the unit;
• low efficiency (efficiency factor) - a lot of fuel burns;
• the unit needs to be cleaned very often;
• The combustion process must be constantly monitored.

Solid fuel pyrolysis boilers

A modern, improved unit, which consists of two chambers: in the primary chamber, the wood burns very slowly, almost smoldering, while releasing flammable gases that burn in the second chamber.

Distinctive advantages:

• Greater fuel economy: when the load is light, more heat is generated;
• high efficiency of the heat generator, up to 80% - firewood burns almost completely;
• fuel control - 1-2 times a day;
• automation and corresponding equipment control the operation of the unit.

Flaws:

• dependence on electricity - all equipment operates from the mains;
• high price - depends on the power, the larger the heated area, the more expensive the heat generator;
• The large dimensions of the unit require a large boiler room.

Pellet heaters

These units consist of a boiler, a nozzle, a hopper with pellets and an auger that supplies fuel to the heat generator.

Advantages:

• there is no condensation in the heat source, since fuel is constantly supplied to the unit using a screw and burns almost completely;
• the unit can operate up to 8 hours without human presence;
• fire- and explosion-proof: the burner goes out immediately as soon as fuel stops flowing into the unit;
• pellets are relatively cheap;
• high boiler efficiency, up to 85%;
• Combustion waste is perfectly used as fertilizer for a personal plot.

The price of a heat generator is what the consumer faces: it is quite high.

But over time, the costs incurred will justify these costs.

Units of the same type operate on coal pellets, but they have a different type of nozzle - retort.

In order for the entire heating circuit in a private house to work well, it is necessary to correctly install and connect the solid fuel boiler. Official permission is not required, documentation is also not required, but during installation it is necessary to comply with SNiP 42-01-2002 (Building Norms and Rules), approved by the State Technical Supervision Authority of Russia.

Let's consider the main points of installing a heat generator:

• the heating unit and the initial supply of fuel are placed in a special room - a boiler room, the area of ​​which must be at least 7 square meters. m;
• the wall near the heat source must be insulated with a fireproof coating 8 mm thick;
• the distance from the surface of the unit to the ceiling must be at least 120 cm;
• under the base of the heat generator, it is imperative to pour a foundation protruding beyond the contours of the unit by at least 25 cm, with a thickness of 7-10 cm;
• place the heat source at a distance of at least 0.5 m from the wall;
• if possible, concrete the floors and lay tiles;
• in the boiler room, a window opening must be designed to ventilate the room;
• decide on the size and type of chimney;
• equip supply ventilation.

When connecting a heating source and for its more efficient operation, it is suggested that you pay special attention to the following points.

Required:

• to prevent the formation of condensation, it is necessary to ensure that the temperature difference between the coolant at the entrance to the boiler and at the exit from it fluctuates within 20 degrees;
• install sensors to measure pressure in the system;
• Before starting heating operation, check all pipe connection points for leaks;
• in one-story houses with a small area it is better to use a scheme with natural circulation.

Special requirements for installation and connection of the heating unit are set out in the relevant documents of the purchased fuel unit.

Prices for the range of solid fuel boilers

solid fuel boiler

Types of connection diagrams

The connection diagram for a solid fuel boiler must take into account the combustion properties of wood, coal and other fuels.

Let's take a closer look:

1. Inertia. Dry firewood flares up very quickly and cannot be put out immediately. Water boils, turning into steam, and the pressure in the system rises sharply, which can lead to an emergency.
2. Condensate. It forms on the walls of the combustion chamber if the coolant returns to the boiler with a temperature below 50 degrees.

The simplest scheme consists of a boiler, an expansion tank, which is most often located at the highest heating point in the attic or under the ceiling of a one-story house, a connecting pipeline and batteries. The task is to correctly lay out, calculate the slope and diameters of the pipes so that the heated coolant evenly distributes heat throughout different rooms of the house.

There are two types of heating systems:

• open heating system;
• closed heating system.

Open system

In this case, the coolant, which is water, comes into contact with the atmosphere through an expansion tank, which is installed at the highest point of the system. The expander can be rectangular or round. The shape is not important, volume is needed. When heated, the volume of water increases, and when cooled, it decreases, so when calculating the size of the tank, you need to take into account these differences in water volume.

The tank is connected to the system by a pipeline (riser), which is connected to the heating source. A pipe is cut into the top point of the container to discharge excess water into the street or into the sewer.

With such a system, water flows through the pipes in a natural way: when heated, it rises, and then returns at a slope through the pipeline and radiators to the heat generator. There is no pressure in the pipes, so no sensors or instruments are needed.

Advantages of this system:

• simple maintenance;
• does not depend on the availability of electricity;
• reliable and cheap to operate.

Flaws:

• insulation of the expansion tank so that the coolant does not freeze;
• monitor the water level in the tank: at a critical temperature it will boil away;
• the occurrence of air jams;
• slow heating of the system;
• you need to monitor the fuel consumption in the heat source;
• antifreeze cannot be used;
• low efficiency.

Closed system

This system does not come into contact with air and is completely sealed. The coolant is transferred through the pipes under the action of the pump, and a membrane-type expansion tank is installed in any convenient place on the return pipeline in front of the heating unit. Sealed insulated system, the coolant does not evaporate.

Positive traits:

• the circuit is quite simple to install;
• there is no evaporation, so there is no need to control the coolant level;
• antifreeze can be used, which means there is no risk of the coolant freezing;
• the system is economical and modern;
• long period of use;
• unlimited number of heat sources and consumers - depending on the homeowner’s requests.

Flaws:

• without electricity the system will not work;
• it is necessary to control the tightness of joints to prevent the occurrence of air locks in the system;
• Additional equipment is required for full and efficient operation: devices for relieving pressure and bleeding air from pipes.

To objectively solve all these problems, let's consider the types of connections.

Standard (basic)

The connection diagram for a solid fuel boiler consists of several basic elements that allow uniform heating of all rooms of a private house.

First, let's look at the safety group, which is located near the boiler.

It includes:

• pressure gauge for measuring pressure in the pipeline;
• automatic air vent, used to vent air;
• safety valve, which is adjusted to 3 Bar (critical pressure in the heating system).

In a critical situation, when the lights go out or some emergency situation occurs, when the temperature and pressure in the system rise sharply, the safety group begins to work: at a given pressure gauge reading, the valve opens, air comes out, and the pressure decreases.

Warning: it is strictly prohibited to install any equipment between the heating unit and the safety group that would impede the movement of the coolant.

The second most important is the circulation pump. Its task is to move coolant through the system at a certain speed. They install it strictly on the return line between the three-way valve and the boiler, tap it using taps along the bypass route and, if necessary, turn off the taps and let water or antifreeze in directly.

It is strictly prohibited to install the pump onto the water supply pipe from the boiler. In the event of an emergency, if water boils in the boiler, steam is formed, and the pump is not designed to work with a steam-water mixture, it will only aggravate the situation and can provoke an emergency.

With mixing unit

Another important component is the mixing unit, which consists of a jumper connecting the supply and return pipelines (bypass), a three-way mixing valve with a thermal head and a remote temperature sensor. Its function: protect the boiler from temperature changes and condensation.

The system works like this:

1. The boiler is flooded, the pump is running, water or antifreeze moves in a small circle through the bypass.
2. The temperature in the return pipeline has increased to 60 degrees, the sensor gives a signal and the thermal head presses the three-way valve stem.
3. It opens and begins to mix cold water with hot water.
4. The entire heating system gradually warms up, and the valve completely closes the bypass - all the coolant circulates through the unit.

The circuit is very simple, it can be installed at home.

• the heating section from the boiler to the safety group, the bypass and return from the bypass to the heat generator must be made of steel pipes, and the rest of the pipeline can be made of plastic, which is easier to work with;
• Propylene pipes are thick-walled and do not conduct heat well, so the overhead temperature sensor will not display the temperature correctly, causing the valve to not work correctly.

How to reduce strapping costs

The price of a three-way mixing valve with a thermal head and a remote temperature sensor is quite high, so a cheaper three-way valve with a built-in thermostatic element is used instead. The valve is adjusted to a temperature of 55 or 60 degrees and is activated when the coolant reaches the set temperature.

Advantage: installing such a valve reduces the cost of installing the heat generator piping.

Disadvantage: it is impossible to precisely control the water temperature; it may deviate by 1-2 degrees, but this is not very important.

With buffer tank (heat accumulator)

When the boiler operates on wood or coal with good draft, the temperature in it quickly rises, the firewood burns out, and you have to add it often. Therefore, a lot of firewood is wasted, while at the same time the bulk of the heat goes into the open air. To reduce draft, the air supply is reduced, then carbon monoxide is formed, which pollutes the environment.

To prevent these problems, a piping scheme with a buffer tank is used, which becomes a heat accumulator for the entire system. It is installed behind the bypass and connected to the supply and return pipelines. Next to it, another three-way valve and a circulation pump are installed to control the temperature of the coolant in the system radiators. A balancing valve is installed on the return line behind the buffer tank, with the help of which the loading of the heat accumulator is regulated.

Now, when the unit operates at full power, almost complete combustion of fuel occurs, and the accumulated heat is collected in a buffer tank. When the fuel runs out, the heat generator goes out, and the heat accumulator releases its heat into the system.

Please note:

• the larger the capacity of the heat accumulator, the longer it will take to release heat into the system;
• for a private house with an area of ​​200 sq. m, the volume of the buffer tank is at least 1 cubic meter. m;
• when calculating the power of the heat generator, it is necessary to take into account the capacity of the heat accumulator;
• The power of circulation pumps should be selected taking into account the increased volume of water.

With gas or electric boiler

There are times when homeowners need to install two heating sources with different types of fuel.

The most common pairs are:

• solid fuel boiler and gas heat generator;
• solid fuel boiler and electric boiler.

In the first case, the main heat generator is wood or coal, and the gas one is used as an auxiliary one, because the gas in the cylinder is not cheap and will need to be changed frequently.

Two heaters are connected to the heating system in parallel to each other through a buffer tank, which also serves as a hydraulic separator.

In the daytime, the main unit is started, which warms up the entire system and, most importantly, the buffer tank, and the gas boiler is turned off. When the fuel runs out, the heat generator will go out, the temperature in the boiler will begin to drop and a sensor will trigger, informing the gas generator controller - the boiler will automatically turn on.

As soon as the main boiler starts working, the process goes in the opposite direction: the gas will turn off as soon as hot water flows from the main boiler.

If an electric meter with a day-night tariff is installed in a private house, it is advisable to install an electric boiler as an additional heat generator for heating. At night, the tariff on such a meter is 2 times cheaper, so the electric boiler is turned on at night. The same scheme is used, but if the house is small, you can make a simpler scheme.

The units are installed in parallel, a check valve is installed at each outlet, a room thermostat is connected to the electric boiler, and an overhead thermostat is placed on the pump on the return line of the main boiler.

Mandatory condition: the power of the main pump of the system must be greater than the power of the electric boiler pump, since it works constantly - it (the electric boiler) cannot be turned off.

The system works like this:

• the main unit has gone out, the water is cooling, the temperature sensor turns off the main pump;
• The room temperature sensor turns on the electric boiler.

How to connect two boilers into one system (Primary and secondary ring method)

During the construction of multi-storey private houses and cottages, complex heating schemes with numerous circuits began to be developed.

The use of this method of primary and secondary rings makes it possible to dispense with electronic devices.

First, a primary closed ring is created, along which the coolant moves in a circle under the influence of a circulation pump.

The following are connected in parallel to this ring:

• two heating sources;
• hot water boiler;
• heating circuit for radiators on the 1st floor;
• branch for radiators on the 2nd floor;
• underfloor heating circuit.

And you can also connect other branches that the owner needs.

These are secondary rings. Each secondary ring has its own pump, the operation of which does not in any way affect the performance of the main pump embedded in the primary ring system.

And even more: for example, you need to turn off the heating on the second floor. It’s okay: we turn off the pump on the second floor circuit, the water stops circulating there, this has no effect on the rest of the system.

The primary ring for the secondary ones acts as an expansion tank.

The following condition must be observed: the distance between the supply and return pipelines of the secondary ring should not be more than 300 mm, so that there is no large pressure drop.

Let's take a closer look at the application of this heating scheme for a 2-story house.

On the ground floor: kitchen, dining room, toilet, bathroom. On the second: three bedrooms. We use a primary and secondary ring system. It is advisable to design the boiler room in the basement of the house. We decide on the boiler power: a 25 kW heat generator is suitable for such a house. Selects the type of boiler: pellet or pyrolysis, it doesn’t matter whether both will work. Here the fuel decides which fuel is best to buy, and we install that unit.

We install the system sequentially:

• install a heat generator;
• We mount a closed primary ring nearby;
• we cut the main circulation pump into the primary ring;
• We connect the fuel unit to the primary ring with pipes from the boiler and to it, the distance between the connected pipes is no more than 300 mm;
• we install pipes for heating underfloor heating on the 2nd floor for 3 rooms: three entrances and three exits;
• we cut in consumers on the first floor - everything is also parallel;
• connect the expansion tank;
• install a faucet to fill the system with water;
• For each heating circuit we install its own pump on the return pipeline;
• all secondary circuit pumps must be connected to temperature sensors, which will regulate the supply of coolant individually to each branch, and, if necessary, turn off the pump.

The use of a primary-secondary system will allow:

• create the necessary microclimate in the house at minimal cost and maximum use of equipment;
• use the heating system most efficiently;
• avoid the passage of water through idle units (that is, increase the efficiency of the system as a whole);
• quickly and easily carry out repair work on system elements.

Operating rules for solid fuel boilers

The heating system in a house is a complex mechanism that must be monitored and strictly followed all operating and safety rules if you want to use it effectively and for a long time.

Chimney

For normal operation of the heat generator, it is necessary to build the chimney very carefully and correctly.

Chimney pipe:

• made from fireproof, heat-resistant materials that are not susceptible to corrosion;
• necessarily with insulation made of basalt mineral wool to avoid the formation of condensation;
• pipe cross-section - from 150 to 300 mm, depending on the power of the fuel unit;
• pipe height - from 6 to 10 meters;
• The inner walls of the pipe must be smooth, without irregularities or roughness.

Warning:

• before the start of the heating season, inspect the chimney: suddenly something got in there over the summer;
• After the end of the season, be sure to clean the chimney of soot and soot, otherwise the soot in the chimney may ignite.

Sometimes it turns out that there is a very strong draft in the chimney, then they resort to using a throttle valve.

Heat generator

It is very important to correctly fire up the unit for the first time. During manufacturing, the heat generator is treated with special oils, so when the first kindling occurs, an unusual smell appears - this is the oil burning out. Nothing bad happens: you need to constantly ventilate the room for an hour, the oil will burn out, and the unit is ready for further use.

It is necessary to load the fuel chamber with the ash pan closed, filling the furnace to the limit.

To maintain the efficient operation of the unit for a long time, it must be cleaned regularly. Soot can block the exit to the chimney and reduce draft, or it can simply ignite on its own, releasing carbon monoxide. Clean the completely cooled unit; this procedure must be carried out regularly once a month.

Prohibited:

• install any shut-off equipment between the heater, the safety group and the expansion tank;
• operating the heat generator with open doors;
• melt the unit without water or other coolant in the system;
• ignite fuel using fuels and lubricants: gasoline or diesel fuel;
• flood the unit if there is poor draft in the pipe;
• leave the operating unit unattended for a long time;
• leave flammable objects on the surface of the device: paper, newspapers, rags;
• Small children should not be left unattended near an operating heat generator;
• in the spring, when you stop heating the boiler, you definitely need to do maintenance: clean it and lubricate the moving parts of the mechanism.

Fuel

The choice of fuel is a very serious problem and must be approached responsibly.

Fuel quality and properties:

1. Thermal conductivity. Dry fuel burns better and has higher thermal conductivity than wet fuel. By type of fuel, in the direction of decreasing thermal conductivity, the following are distributed: coal, hardwood briquettes, firewood, pellets, peat. The firewood is distributed as follows: first oak, then birch, alder, poplar. It is not recommended to use coniferous wood due to the formation of resin, which settles on the walls of the boiler.
2. Dimensions and fraction. Small wood will burn faster. Therefore, the larger the firewood, the better, but you need to take into account the size of the combustion chamber.

Video

In this video you can hear valuable advice from experts on how to properly connect a heat generator.

Evgeniy AfanasyevChief Editor

Author of the publication 01.12.2018