Hawthorn in spring. Proper planting and care of hawthorn. We plant hawthorn correctly

The plant spread widely in Russia during the time of Peter the Great, as it was considered the main cure for heart disease. Hawthorn is no less popular now. Hawthorn is a melliferous shrub of the Pink family. It grows from two to six meters in height. It can often be found in household plots. It can perform two functions at the same time: to plant greenery on the site, to have many medicinal properties and to contain a sea of ​​vitamins. It is unpretentious in care and boasts an attractive appearance. In the article we will tell you how and where hawthorn is planted in the fall, and we will also give methods for proper care of the plant.

When is the best time to land

Many people think that in autumn it remains only to harvest, remove fallen leaves and you can rest until spring. In fact, the best time to transplant a plant is autumn. At this time, prices are more favorable, and the range is larger. Many seedlings are sold with several fruits so that the buyer can see what he is buying. Minimal care is required in autumn, as prolonged warm weather and regular rains create favorable conditions for rooting.

Despite the fact that the plant is in a dormant period, root system continues to grow until the soil temperature drops below +4 degrees Celsius. The main thing is not to miss the time of planting the seedling so that the young roots have time to form even before the onset of frost. Such roots will grow faster in spring than seedlings transplanted in spring. Also, the advantages of hawthorn include the fact that during the winter the plant hardens. Such seedlings will be stronger than their relatives planted in the spring.

When choosing a location, decide on the purpose of the hawthorn. To create a hedge, seedlings must be planted around the perimeter of the site.

"If you want to get a good harvest - choose a well-lit place in the northern part, the plant is not afraid of direct sunlight."

Soil preparation and seedlings

Experienced gardeners recommend preparing the site two to three weeks before the bush is transplanted. Previously, the area must be dug up or cultivated. Test the soil for acidity before transplanting the plant by dropping a little table vinegar on it. If foam and hiss appear, this indicates an alkaline environment. This soil is not suitable. It is necessary to lower the acidity level by adding lime, cement dust, chalk or ash to it (200-300 grams of powder per 1 square meter). Next, dig a trench or hole for planting, depending on the root system. Lay a drainage layer at the bottom (expanded clay, broken brick), on top of it, fill in 1/3 of a fertile substrate from a mixture of clay, humus and peat. Cover the prepared place with a film to create the necessary microflora.

After you have prepared the area, proceed to the selection of seedlings. Since the root system of hawthorn goes deep into the ground, biennial plants are well suited for breeding. When choosing planting material, pay special attention to inspecting the root system; it should not be stained, damaged or rotten. Visually, it should look hydrated and fresh. Check the condition of the bark: if it is wrinkled, the seedling will not fit, it was dug out a long time ago. Pinch off a piece of skin, if the exposed surface is green - the seedling is suitable, brown color indicates that it is better not to take such planting material. In height, the seedling should reach no more than one and a half meters.

Planting hawthorn in the fall begins with an inspection of the seedling. If you notice dry branches, leaves or roots, cut them off with a pruner. It is necessary to deepen the seedlings by 50-70 centimeters, and at a distance of 1-1.5 meters from each other, depending on the variety chosen. Open a pre-prepared place or prepare a new one. Gently straighten the roots and place the plant in a recess, cover with soil on top so that the root neck is flush with the ground, tamp the ground a little. After abundantly water and mulch the hole around the trunk with a mixture of compost, humus and peat. Cut the shoots up to 10 centimeters above ground level.

If you want to grow a hedge, then before planting it, familiarize yourself with the features of this format. To create a living fence, choose single-pistal or thorny varieties, as they grow, the branches can be intertwined. With this method of breeding, seedlings are planted not in pits, but in trenches - at a small distance relative to each other. A year later, you can start interlacing the branches of the bush with each other. Recommended varieties: prickly hawthorn, clawed, soft.

Rules for the care of hawthorn

One of the benefits of hawthorn is its ease of care. Periodically inspect the shrub, and if you find dry, affected or extra branches, cut them off. Hawthorns need to be trimmed each spring to give them a neat appearance or desired shape. From time to time remove the debris between the trunks of the bush. Bushes are cut at the required level when creating landscape design, or at a height of two meters if the shrub is used as a hedge.

Since the culture tolerates drought well, it is enough to water the bushes once a month with a volume of water of 10-15 liters. Over watering can lead to root rot. If the summer turned out to be sultry, increase the amount of watering. For abundant flowering of hawthorn, additional watering is required during the formation of buds. After each watering, do not forget to loosen the soil in the hole and remove the weeds, this contributes to better nutrition of the roots and moisture retention in the ground.

It is necessary to carry out top dressing twice a year: before flowering and after leaf fall. For top dressing, a solution of mullein or bird droppings is used in a ratio of 1 to 10. For large-fruited varieties, top dressing is carried out three times: during flowering, during fruit ripening and in autumn.

Possible diseases

Like all plants, hawthorn is not immune from pests or diseases. The most common are: Powdery mildew - the formation of a white coating on the leaves of a plant, which, in the process of drying, twists the leaves. Infected shoots must be cut off, and the plant must be treated with fungicides. After 14 days, re-treat the bush;

Leaf rolling - caterpillars feed on leaves, folding them into tubes with their cobwebs, and then eat buds, leaves and ovaries. To combat it, treat the hawthorn with chlorophos, and for prevention in the spring, treat it with nitrofen;

Butterfly-hawthorn - is content with the nectar of a flowering plant and lays its eggs on the outside of the leaves, subsequently the caterpillars eat both the buds and the leaves. To combat them, Karbofos is used.

The most common breeding methods

Several propagation methods are suitable for hawthorn: cuttings, seeds and layering. Summer residents can try each of them and choose the most suitable one. It is not easy to propagate hawthorn seeds, since the period of germination and germination of seeds is very long, and can last from one to two years.

At the same time, there is no guarantee that there will be a result, that is, the seeds may not germinate at all. Seeds are extracted from unripe fruits. Next, they must be soaked in water for 72 hours, and then rubbed with sand and washed again. Next, the seeds insist two days in a 1% solution of potassium sulfur. Prepared seeds are planted in open ground in November.

"When the first shoots are 65 cm tall, cut them back to 15 cm above ground level and remove side branches."

The next method is propagation by cuttings. Dig up a bush, select roots that are 20 cm thick and dig them out. Divide the selected material into several parts 10 cm long. Plant it in a hole prepared in advance, at an angle, so that the thicker part is on top, and sprinkle with earth. Transplantation is carried out in early spring or autumn.

The most common method is propagation by layering. To do this, in the spring, the lateral process, without separating it from the entire bush, is laid in a trench and fixed with staples, and then added dropwise with earth, leaving the upper part intact. Water and feed the sprouts abundantly a couple of times per season with nitrogen fertilizers. When you notice the growth of the upper part, you can transplant the layering. In order for the layering to begin to take root on its own, drag it at the base.

With the onset of cold weather, the plant must be prepared for wintering, in order to avoid freezing of the roots. To do this, cover the base of the stem with fallen leaves or straw by 15 cm. If you want to have a plant that fits perfectly into any landscape design and at the same time has a whole range of useful properties and vitamins, purchase hawthorn. It is so easy to breed and care for that you will not even have questions: how to plant a hawthorn and how to care for it. Having given him quite a bit of your time, you can surprise your friends with a spectacular and effective decoration of your site.

Hawthorn (Crataégus) is one of the few shrubs that combine incredible hardiness to the diverse climatic conditions of the Russian climate and excellent decorative qualities. This shrub has a large number of species, forms and varieties that feel great in almost the entire territory of our country. In addition, the technology of planting and caring for hawthorn does not require incredible knowledge and does not take much time.

Types of hawthorn, description, planting and care

The genus of this plant, which is part of the Rosaceae family, has more than a thousand species, but only about 15 species grow in the CIS. Hawthorns are tall shrubs or trees. The oval dense crown is formed by shoots covered with thorns.

The spectacular appearance of this plant is maintained throughout the growing season by rather large berries-fruits, which are painted in various shades (pink, black, red, yellowish-orange) and graceful leaves.

Hawthorns are liked for their undemanding to soils, good winter hardiness, tolerance to urban conditions and shade tolerance. Let's get acquainted with some species, decorative forms and varieties that can be purchased at nurseries in various regions.

Decorative forms of this type of hawthorn are especially in great demand:

1. The red terry form (rubra captivity) stands out with beautiful red double flowers.
2. The form of pink weeping (rosea pendula) is liked for hanging branches, which are covered with pink flowers during flowering.

Quite often, the Plena variety is found on sale, the double flowers of which change from white to pinkish during flowering.

Choosing a place for planting hawthorn and soil

The place for growing hawthorn should be located in a lighted place with permeable, nutritious, moderately moistened soil with an alkaline reaction (pH greater than 7).

Although this culture is considered shade-tolerant, it has its best appearance, lush flowering and a good harvest only when it receives a large amount of sunlight. In addition, when choosing a place for planting a hawthorn, one point should be taken into account. It is undesirable to place seedlings of this culture next to apple and pear trees, since they have common pests and diseases.

Two-year-old seedlings with a well-formed root system are best suited for planting. The depth of the planting pit is usually from 60 to 80 cm. A drainage layer is poured on its bottom, consisting of coarse gravel or crushed stone and sand. The height of gravel or crushed stone is from 15 to 20 cm, and sand - only 5-10 cm.

Before planting, it is advisable to soak the roots of seedlings in water with heteroauxin for 2-12 hours. This helps rooting and the beginning of the intensive growth of boyar bushes. The soil mixture for filling the planting pit is made up of peat soil, sand, rotted foliage and humus. Lime is also added (the dose depends on the acidity of the soil) and a small amount of phosphate rock. After planting, watering is carried out, and then the settled earth is filled up. The place around the planted plants is covered with a layer of peat, husk or humus at least 3 cm high.

Features of care

Although hawthorn is considered an undemanding crop, growth, development and appearance directly depend on growing conditions and care technology, which consists of fertilizing, watering, weeding and loosening, pruning and shaping, as well as tracking diseases and pests.

Both seedlings and mature plants require regular watering throughout the growing season. Usually, abundant watering is carried out once a month, using 10 to 15 liters per tree or bush. Young hawthorns in the year of planting and adult specimens in hot weather are watered 2-3 times more often. When determining the amount of watering, be sure to consider the amount of rainfall and drought tolerance of the species.

This culture is fed in early spring, when the buds burst and before flowering. Complex organomineral fertilizers or a solution of organic fertilizers (horse and cow manure, compost tea) are best suited for this.

All types of hawthorn tolerate pruning and shearing, as they form a large number of shoots. Standard sanitary pruning is carried out in the spring, during which broken, dead and deformed shoots are removed. Bush-shaped hawthorns can be given various geometric shapes.

How to propagate hawthorn

This culture is propagated by layering, root cuttings, seeds, and garden forms by grafting. Since hawthorn seeds have a hard and dense shell, they germinate only one and a half to two years after sowing. Their germination rate is quite low (about 50%). To reduce the germination time of seeds, it is necessary to carry out stratification (processing) immediately after they are collected.

There are several options for stratification. Seeds of hard-to-sprout hawthorn species are first treated in a solution of sulfuric acid, and then kept at four degrees Celsius for three months and sown.

There is also a way in which the seeds are kept at +21 degrees Celsius for the first 4 months, and at +5 degrees after 5-6 months. Seeds prepared in this way are sown in autumn. Plants are grown from seeds for two years, and only then they are planted in a permanent place of cultivation.

Hawthorn in garden design

Since almost all types of hawthorn are undemanding to soil conditions, tolerate shading, are winter-hardy, respond well to the presence of lime in the soil, they are often used in plantings in groups to create an undergrowth under an openwork canopy, and also as a single tree (tapeworm).

Some species of American origin have a dense crown, thorns, and therefore they are great for impenetrable and decorative hedges.

Blood-red hawthorn looks especially impressive in an ordinary planting. This species in a landscape composition goes well with horse chestnut, maple, oak and other ornamental trees. In autumn attire, he also looks amazing:

As you can see, you can choose the types and varieties of hawthorn depending on the purpose of cultivation, and planting and caring for it is not at all complicated. We hope that now you can easily decide where and how to plant hawthorn in the country.

Planting and growing vegetables and fruits, caring for the garden, building and repairing a summer house - all with your own hands.

Hawthorn from seeds: planting and growing

How to grow hawthorn

Lady-berry and hawthorn call this beautiful and useful plant. I raised my mistress myself from a bone the first time. I fell ill, the doctor advised me to use hawthorn fruits in any form as a remedy. I bought the most delicious garden variety from the market and collected the seeds.

I dug up a small bed in a place protected from the wind and planted fresh seeds in grooves at a distance of 16-20 cm from each other, to a depth of 5-6 cm. I watered the bed abundantly.

It was in September, and in the spring the first shoots appeared. The hawthorn rose slowly and unfriendly: the main shoots appeared only a year later. This delay is due to the dense and thick pericarp. To accelerate the germination of hawthorn seeds, various methods, but I was then a novice gardener and did not know these methods. And they are very simple - this is stratification, treatment with chemical reagents, sowing of immature seeds treated during the day with a 1% solution of potassium nitrate.

Stratification of hawthorn seeds

Fresh hawthorn seeds are poured with water, and the empty ones float up, while the benign ones remain at the bottom. They need to be washed and dried, then mixed with sand and peat (1: 3), scattered evenly into shallow boxes, moistened and placed in the basement. They should be there all winter and spring, it is advisable to leave them also for the summer, and sow in the fall or (better!) Spring of the next year.

Seed treatment with chemicals

We use caustic soda, acids, etc.

Method for sowing hawthorn seeds

Collect unripe fruits, soak them in water for 1-2 days, then rub through a sieve and rinse. The resulting bones are placed for a day in a solution of potassium nitrate (1%), and then sown in the ground before winter. Seeds remain viable for 1-2 years.

By the way, my seeds, sown before winter without treatment, remained viable for 3 years. Hawthorn has a lot of empty seeds, so the sowing should be done thicker.

Shoots of hawthorn are beautiful, like angels, and look like shoots of an apple tree. Leaves of the form that in adult plants appear later. The stem is burgundy-pink. In the first year, seedlings grow very slowly, only 10 centimeters. Then growth accelerates, and after 7-8 years it slows down again.

In my mini-nursery, I removed weeds, sometimes watered - that's all the care. After 3-5 years, I transplanted the seedlings to a permanent place, and gave most of them to neighbors and significant ones.

Hawthorn cultivation: 300 years without much care

Hawthorn is very unpretentious, grows on poor soils and in places with poor ecology. Easily tolerates both excess and lack of moisture, light, does not freeze out in harsh winters.

During periods of prolonged drought, the leaves curl up and dry out, and come to life again after rain. I have hawthorn on the site grows in three different places. Near the column there is already a tree 5 meters high, beautiful fluffy bushes near the road, and near the fence, under the poplar, the hawthorn develops worse, blooms poorly, does not give fruits at all, it is much lower than its counterparts planted at the same time with it. Practice shows that in more favorable conditions the hawthorn develops better.

The hawthorn has a very powerful root system and lives for 300-400 years.

Once again I want to emphasize that it is very beautiful all year round. For the winter, bushes and small trees shed their leaves, and their branches look very beautiful - purple-brown, shiny, planted with thick, up to 10 cm, spines. These spines are not fully formed shoots. Tiny leaves grow on them, but they soon die off. The spikes are hard as nails. In the period when there are no flowers yet, the hawthorn is good with an interesting form of leaves. Then flowers appear - white, not terry, not very chic, collected in umbrellas, somewhat similar to rowan flowers, only larger. The smell is not for everyone.

The plant blooms very richly and stably.

In autumn, dark green, slightly pubescent leaves on both sides turn orange-red. In late September - early October, fruits ripen, large spherical berries the size of a cherry, red in color, with mealy pulp and 3-4 seeds, hanging in tassels on long legs. These berries are very tasty!

Both a single plant and a group look good. Hawthorn can be trimmed, giving the bushes the shape of various shapes, which means it can be used to create an unusual hedge. But I have apple and pear trees growing on my plot, and they have common diseases with hawthorn, so I can’t use it as a hedge.

You can also plant this plant with cuttings and layering. But, in my opinion, seeds are preferable: no material investments are needed, it is possible to preserve the variety, it begins to bear fruit much earlier. The hawthorn begins to bear fruit after 10-15 years, but then it gives good and regular crops without top dressing and frequent watering. It is also extremely useful, but this is a topic for an entire article.

Growing hawthorn in the country and caring for shrubs

Hawthorn is propagated by seeds, cuttings, layering, and rare varieties are grafted. Before you start planting, you need to determine for yourself the purpose of the plant. If you are going to resort to growing hawthorn to create a hedge, planting material should be planted around the perimeter of the site. In the event that you want to grow hawthorn in the country to obtain fruits, you must create groups of three to four separate plants at a distance of 1.5-2 m from each other. In this case, the plants will be better pollinated even in the absence of apiaries and wild bees nearby.

Planting hawthorn in autumn

The hawthorn is unpretentious, and when starting planting, you can not devote much time to preparing the territory. The only condition is the choice of a well-lit place, preferably near the northern border of the site.

This is especially true for large-fruited forms, which require a lot of sunlight for good fruiting. It is not recommended to propagate rare cultivars by seed, because in this case they lose their varietal characteristics. Growing hawthorn from seeds is effective only for common forms that are widespread in central Russia.

Growing hawthorn from seeds

It is very difficult for hawthorn seeds to germinate, since they have a very hard shell, and immediately after the fruit ripens, the plant falls into a period of deep dormancy. To speed up the germination process, it is best to resort to stratification. To do this, fresh hawthorn seeds, just selected from unripe berries (one week before full ripening), are soaked in a 1% potassium nitrate solution for one day. Then the seeds are placed in a dark box or canvas bag and kept for 7-8 months at a temperature of +2-3°C.

Seedlings when growing hawthorn from seeds are characterized by very slow growth. Their planting in a permanent place should be started only after 3-4 years, and in the future, young shrubs can be transplanted only until they reach 5 years of age, since these plants have a very long, branched root system, which, when transplanting adult shrubs, can be damaged.

How to propagate hawthorn cuttings

Another method of reproduction is by root offspring. Before planting a hawthorn in this way, you need to cut off parts of the roots from the mother plant and leave it in place until it is fully rooted. You can also use root cuttings to grow hawthorn in the country. To do this, in early spring or autumn, the root system is dug up and root cuttings are cut with a diameter of 0.5 to 1 cm. -2 cm above ground level). After that, the soil must be mulched with humus and watered abundantly. Already at the end of June, the first shoots will appear from such root cuttings.

How to plant a hawthorn in a permanent place

When transplanting shrubs to a permanent place, do you need to dig planting holes 0.5 m in size? 1 m or 1.5 m? 0.5 m. If the plants were intended for hedges, dig trenches of the same width and depth. Well-fertilized soil is introduced into the planting pits and trenches (a planting mixture of equal parts of leaf flour, sand, peat, humus and a small amount of lime). Drainage (crushed stone, gravel, broken brick) should be placed at the bottom of the landing pit with a layer of about 15 cm. Shrubs are planted in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of 25-30 cm from each other. The root system should be covered with fertile soil, watered and mulched.

Vaccination for hawthorn

When propagating varieties, hawthorn grafting is most effective. Trees are grafted with cuttings at the very beginning of spring, as soon as abundant sap flow begins. It is possible to vaccinate hawthorn in the second decade of July - early August, but in this case they resort to the budding method (the method of grafting fruit and ornamental plants with a single bud). To do this, the "peephole" (one kidney with a thin layer of wood) of the cultivar is placed in a T-shaped incision or with a shield in the butt on the usual species form. Blood-red hawthorn seedlings are most often used as a stock, rowan is also suitable for stock. The grafted hawthorn begins to bear fruit already in the third year. Hawthorn is also used as a rootstock. To do this, fruit trees are grafted onto hawthorn, most often pears or apple trees. Cultivars of fruit trees grafted on hawthorn enter the fruiting season early and are distinguished by a good harvest.

Care for hawthorn when grown

Growing and caring for hawthorn include mandatory weeding, regular feeding and watering. The soil under the shrubs must be loosened and mulched. To form a hedge, plant branches are cut to 1/3 of the length of the shoot, this contributes to the formation of a greater number of spines and lateral processes.

I transplant seedlings to a permanent place at the age of two years. In this case, planting is done in autumn or spring. The depth of the planting hole for grown plants is about 70 cm, the distance between shrubs is about 2 m. The root neck should remain at ground level. Immediately after transplantation, it is recommended to water the plant and mulch the near-trunk circle with peat or dry soil with a layer of about 4 cm. Hawthorn begins to bear fruit abundantly with good care when it reaches 10 years of age.

In June, it is advisable to feed the plant with diluted bird droppings or liquid manure. Throughout the season, dry or broken branches should be removed, as well as shoots that strongly thicken the crown. To form a hawthorn in the form of a bush, you need to leave 5-6 main skeletal branches, and keep the crown at a height that is optimal for harvesting. In autumn, at the end of the growing season, the hawthorn should be fed again. This time, during digging, double superphosphate and potassium salt can be added as top dressing. If shrubs grow on acidic soils, the soil must be limed.

Hawthorn care includes infrequent but regular watering. Usually, plants are watered once a month (at the rate of 10 liters of water for one adult shrub). In dry summers, watering is done twice a month. If the summer is rainy, then the plants can not be watered.

In cold seasons, young seedlings must be covered with burlap to avoid frostbite on the branches. Adult plants do not need to be wrapped in winter - this is a fairly winter-hardy plant that can withstand low temperatures.

Hawthorn diseases

Powdery mildew is a ubiquitous disease of hawthorn, leading to weakening of plants. In the case of a large-scale defeat, the winter hardiness of plants may weaken. Powdery mildew affects mainly the leaves, on which a white cobweb-like coating appears. By the middle of summer, the plaque becomes more dense and mealy, and by autumn it turns from white to grayish. Mushrooms - causative agents of powdery mildew - overwinter on plant debris, as well as between bud scales. Affected leaves must be removed, and in order to destroy pathogens, plant remains should be disposed of (burned) in a timely manner.

Rust is a fungal disease caused by a general weakening of plants. In the middle of summer, large, yellowish-red pustules appear on the leaves of shrubs, which subsequently turn into radiant, hairy outgrowths. This is not a hawthorn disease, the shrub is only its intermediate host. And rust develops on junipers, therefore, when choosing a place for planting plants of the Pink family, the close proximity of coniferous trees should be avoided.

Leaf spot is a disease of hawthorn that causes general inhibition of plants and premature leaf fall. Spotting becomes widespread in conditions of high humidity. Along with spotting during rainy periods, hawthorn leaves are affected by rot. Pathogens are stored in the fallen affected leaves, so plant residues must be collected and burned in a timely manner.

Phomosis is a fungal disease that affects hawthorn shoots. At the same time, the color of the bark of the shoots practically does not change, only with time black, microscopic pycnidia become clearly visible in them, deeply immersed in the tissue of the bark. Shoots affected by phomosis dry out and die.

Wood rot is caused by fungi of the class Basidiomycetes. Infection of shrubs occurs with basidiospores formed on the surface of the fruit. Through wounds on the trunk and branches, these spores penetrate the plants and penetrate the core. At the same time, the consistency of the wood becomes less durable, and during snowfalls, the plants may die, since their branches, affected by rot, cannot withstand a large amount of snow.

To avoid the occurrence of diseases, hawthorn should be planted in well-ventilated areas, do not forget to mulch the soil, and regularly spray with a 1% solution of colloidal sulfur.

We plant according to the season

Planting hawthorn in autumn is carried out during the period of time when the bush begins to prepare for sleep. Do not plant young in the ground until the growing season is over. A plant that is not accustomed to new conditions may not have time to take root before the onset of frost. As a result, all planting work will go down the drain - the plants will die.

Planting hawthorn in spring should also be performed during sleep. In general, this shrub does not require special weather conditions - if only the earth was at least a little warmed up.

Our professional gardeners will help you create a green fence in your yard. We will help nature create a masterpiece on your site - a unique hedge.

Reproduction and planting hawthorn

The easiest way is to plant purchased seedlings in the ground. However, to save Money you can try to propagate the shrub in other ways.

Planting hawthorn seeds rarely practiced by amateur gardeners. Alas, it takes a lot of time to grow from a seed. The first shoots appear only after 2 years. Until this time, it is impossible to determine whether your favorite bush will grow. If you are willing to wait, you can try your luck 🙂

Efficient Planting of Hawthorn Seeds is carried out as follows:

After carrying out all the procedures, it remains only to wait and hope for a positive outcome.

More efficient planting hawthorn cuttings. Choose sufficiently thick roots and cut them into pieces about 10 cm. Dig the root cuttings into the soil at a slight slope, leaving about 2 cm of planting material above the surface. The cuttings are dug with a thick end up. It is advisable to land in a greenhouse or other sheltered warm place. both autumn and spring are suitable for propagation by cuttings.

We plant the young

The planting of hawthorn seedlings is considered the most effective: the result of the planting work carried out is visible already the next year. The shrub loves heavy soils with excellent drainage, however, the fertility of the land must be at a high level.

Hawthorn planting technology:

Planting a hawthorn hedge has its own peculiarity. No need to dig separate pits for each seedling. It is more expedient to dig a ditch and plant seedlings in it at a small distance from each other. In a year, the grown bushes can be intertwined. Thus, you will initially weave a fence, after which you will be able to form not individual plants, but a whole fence. Such living fences look holistic and have no voids.

Planting hawthorn video

Proper planting and care of hawthorn

Hawthorn grows in the form of shrubs great height. The plant has received its wide distribution in decorative design.

Also hawthorn used for medical purposes thanks to their useful properties. Hawthorn berries are eaten.

This article will describe the hawthorn, varieties and its useful qualities. Consider tips on planting, growing and caring for this plant and much more.

Useful properties of hawthorn

The berries and flowers of this plant are very useful. for human health. They are used either as a preventative or medicinal purposes.

Even in ancient times, the berries of various varieties of hawthorn were used for medicinal purposes in Asian countries. In the sixteenth century were grown different types and plant varieties.

To begin with, hawthorn was used to combat diarrhea. And only then this plant was used to improve the performance of the cardiovascular system.

The main benefit of hawthorn is that its berries contain carotene needed to strengthen the immune system.

Also they contain a huge amount of calcium, magnesium, iron and many others chemical elements, which are needed to improve the functioning of the circulatory system.

When using hawthorn fruits in the form of a decoction or infusion, it benefits each organ separately.

Berries and flowers of hawthorn are very useful for human health, necessary for those who suffer from cardiovascular diseases.

How to plant and grow: in autumn or spring, choosing a place to grow

This plant needs clay soil., but which contains a set minerals and rich in humus. After you have dug a hole (its depth should be 65 centimeters), you need to prepare the planting mixture.

It should consist of humus, sand and peat. At the very bottom of the dug hole, crushed stone should be poured about 20 centimeters high.

The plant is important to plant in a sunny place. or it will not be able to produce a bountiful harvest.

Planting hawthorn should be done in spring or autumn. Regardless of the planting period, the plant will produce the same fruit yield. Until the plant is two years old, you need to decide the usual place where the hawthorn will grow.

After planting, the soil must be watered and cover with peat or ordinary earth for about seven centimeters. When planting, you need to take into account the distance between the rest of the plants in the garden, it should be two or three meters.

Hawthorn begins to bring a huge harvest five years after planting. The hawthorn will bring the greatest number of fruits ten years after planting.

The expert will tell you about hawthorn, its features, planting and care:

Shrub care after planting and transplanting: fertilizer, pruning, how to water

One of the main benefits of hawthorn is its easy care. You need to be careful. Important timely cut branches or shoots that are dry or sick.

In order for the plant to look neat, it should be constantly cut. Cut the plant in the spring, and the removal of dried and diseased parts can be done at absolutely any time of the year.

There is a need for constant weed removal and loosening of the soil cover. You can fertilize hawthorn with ordinary manure just before the flowering period of the plant.

Water abundantly in summer and spring. only needed once a month. 12 liters of purified water should be poured onto one bush. But if the summer period is dry, then it is important to increase watering up to three times.

Hawthorn care after planting consists of pruning, watering and loosening the soil, fertilizing with manure before flowering

Propagation by seeds (bones) at home

Hawthorn can be propagated in several ways.

Prepare the seeds in advance and follow the following algorithm:

1. They must stand in purified water for 72 hours in a room at room temperature (23 degrees Celsius).
2. Then they just need to be thoroughly wiped.
3. Prepare potassium nitrate (combined mineral fertilizer) and soak the seeds there for 48 hours.
4. Plant the seeds in the ground. Landing should be carried out in the last month of the autumn period (November).
5. As soon as the seedling has reached a height of 60 centimeters, it must be cut. Shortening pruning includes removal of three buds. There is also a reduction in shoots, there should be two of them left - this is necessary for the further proper growth of the plant.

Varieties and types

Crimean hawthorn. Crimean hawthorn - the species looks like a tree of small height and grows in the Crimea. The plant is almost impossible to meet alone, it is planted in a group with other shrubs.

The berries of the plant have a cherry color with dark shade, and the bark of the tree is also brown with a dark tint. Leaf color is green. This variety grows on rocky slopes.

Among the varieties of hawthorn, Crimean, Chinese, Myagkovaty, Arnold, Maksimovich and others are distinguished

Chinese hawthorn. Since it most often grows in China, this species got its name. Chinese hawthorn is also grown in other countries on the banks of various rivers. In Europe, the plant appeared in the nineteenth century.

This species loves the sun, but can be grown in partial shade. The height of the tree reaches more than five meters. The bark of the trunk is gray with a dark tint.

The main feature of the Chinese hawthorn- it has practically no spines. The leaves have a green color with a bright tint. The inflorescences of the plant have an average diameter of seven centimeters.

The color of the berries is red with a very bright tone, almost. The berries themselves have the shape of a regular ball. The diameter of the berry is an average of 16 millimeters.

soft hawthorn. This species is most common in areas of the United States of America. Forest edges are the main distribution area of ​​the soft hawthorn. It tolerates low air temperatures and can grow in soil that is not rich in minerals.

The tree has a powerful trunk, and its height reaches nine meters. The spines of the plant are chestnut in color, and their length is ten centimeters. The length of the leaves is 6 or 7 centimeters. The flowers, which have a diameter of three centimeters, create inflorescences consisting of 12 flowers.

Berries - an orange flower with a red tint. The flowering period begins at the end spring period(May), and the softish hawthorn begins to bear fruit at the beginning of the autumn period (September).

Each variety of hawthorn has its own characteristics, but the main advantage is the easy care of the shrub.

Hawthorn "Arnold". This variety is native to North America. Distinctive features: thick shoots and large leaves that reach four centimeters in diameter and ten centimeters long.

The flowering period begins either in late spring (May) or early summer (June). In general, the plant begins to bloom only eight years after planting.

Hawthorn "Arnold" brings early harvest. Berries can be harvested almost every year.

Hawthorn "Maximovich". This variety was given such a name thanks to its discoverer from Russia. Fruits - small size, have the shape of a ball, and their diameter is only one centimeter. One kilogram contains an average of 1800 berries.

The flowering period begins in the last month of spring (May), and this variety of hawthorn begins to bear fruit in late summer (August) or early autumn (September).

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the plant began to spread to other parts of the world. The leaves are diamond-shaped with a pointed end.

This is only a small part of the species and varieties of hawthorn.

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Each species and variety has its own distinctive features. The main advantage of hawthorn is its unpretentious care. Certain varieties are able to bring a huge harvest.

In the future, you can eat berries for preventive or medical purposes. If you suffer from any cardiovascular diseases, then this plant is suitable for you.

Remember: hawthorn can bring you many benefits and joy.

Hawthorn blood red: planting and care (photo)

Boyarka berries in the forest are a real pantry of vitamins for wintering birds; it was observing wildlife that a person began to eat them. Many generations ago, these wonderful shrubs have firmly settled in our household plots, and this is no accident. The hawthorn bears fruit very willingly, but at the same time it is not at all picky about the conditions of maintenance and care. It can grow even in its complete absence. Today we will consider what the blood-red hawthorn is, the features of its planting, as well as the scope of the fruit. This is a very interesting plant. It can serve to decorate the garden, and is also of interest in terms of collecting delicious berries. In addition, they are also medicinal.

Hawthorn blood red: description

This is a relatively small plant, up to 5 meters high. Young branches are smooth, shiny, but at the same time protecting their precious berries with sharp thorns. The leaves are pubescent, dark on top and pale green on the underside. The flowers of the plant are bisexual, with white or pink petals. Small in diameter, they are collected in dense inflorescences. Blood red hawthorn is more recognizable by everyone due to its fruits. They look like small apples with mealy pulp and large seeds. There is not so much pulp in them, but the abundance of fruits compensates for this deficiency.


Blood-red hawthorn blooms in spring, in May-June. The berries begin to ripen in September, that is, at the moment when there are no other berries left in the garden. The bush is especially charming in spring. At the moment of flowering, it is as if covered with snow, but the petals fall very quickly. Hawthorn flowers are blood red white with purple stamens, large and very beautiful. This bush will begin to bear fruit in about 10-15 years after planting, so be patient.

Planting a hawthorn

Often, gardeners plant this plant in their garden, not only because of the useful fruits. Blood red hawthorn is incredibly beautiful. It will decorate your garden both during flowering and in autumn, with bunches of berries in a stunning red dress. It can be grown as a shrub or as a tree, and there are craftsmen who demonstrate wonderful bonsai grown from these plants. There are also evergreen species that, even covered with fluffy caps of snow, will still decorate your garden. Most species have distinguishing feature- hard spines to protect the fruits from voracious birds.


So, how to plant blood red hawthorn? The photo makes us understand that we need to allocate enough space for the plant, since it does not belong to the category of miniature ones. Hawthorn needs fairly dense soil with good drainage. It is very good if you prepare a landing pit, on the bottom of which you need to put lime and broken bricks. The layer should be high, about 15 cm. Now it's up to the soil mixture. For its preparation, you will need leaf flour, humus, peat and sand.

We are planning landings

When choosing a place, do not forget how much the blood-red hawthorn loves the sun. Photos of plants planted in well-lit areas are strikingly different from those that grow on the shady side. Flowering and good fruiting in this case may be at risk. A feature of the shrub is a developed root system (it goes deep into the ground), because of this, it does not tolerate transplantation very well. The last change of place should occur before the plant reaches five years.

Ideally, blood red hawthorn seedlings are transplanted to a permanent place at the age of 2 years. This plant is no different from other fruit trees. In this case, the planting depth is about 70 cm.


After planting, blood red hawthorn seedlings must be well watered. Cover well with mulch to prevent crusting. Now the plant will give a little every year more berries, but will begin to bear fruit well only by 10 years.

Hawthorn Care

So, you have purchased blood red hawthorn. The planting was successful, now you have to work on growing the plant. In fact, this is an easy task. In care, the plant is extremely unpretentious. However, in order for the bush to keep a good shape, it is necessary to cut and shape it. The plant is cut very easily. A haircut is carried out in early spring, if desired, you can not only maintain a neat appearance of the bush, but also give it various shapes.

However, there are also requirements that blood red hawthorn makes. Planting and care will not be complete without applying the optimal amount of fertilizer. In the spring, before flowering, you need to fertilize the plant with slurry. There are no special requirements for watering, once a month it is advisable to bring one or two buckets of water into the root hole. In especially dry periods, it is necessary to repeat this procedure several times a month.


Blood red hawthorn (Rosaceae family) is very responsive to loosening. Therefore, be sure to remove weeds and dig up the ground in spring and autumn on a spade bayonet. You can repeat this procedure in the summer, about once a month.

Hawthorn propagation

There are several ways to grow blood red hawthorn in your yard. The seeds of this plant do not have very good germination, and if you choose this method of reproduction, you will have to be patient. Hawthorn seeds have a very thick skin, so seedlings will have to wait a long time. Even well-ripened seeds have a long awakening period, which means that germination can take a couple of years. But not all will come up. Before planting, soak the seeds for 3 days, and then rub them with sandpaper. In late autumn, such seeds are sown in the garden. In the second year, the seedlings reach a height of 60 cm, after which they are pruned, and they begin to grow into a branchy bush.

The bush reproduces well by layering, this is the fastest and most reliable way to grow your own tree. But green cuttings take root poorly, so do not waste time on them. Root cuttings are deprived of this shortcoming. To do this, select crusts about 20 cm thick, cut them into 9 cm pieces and dig them at an angle into the soil. In about a month, the plants will give their own shoots and begin to grow.

Often gardeners use grafting. If you have a simple hawthorn growing in your garden, and you want to plant a Siberian, blood-red, it is enough to find cuttings and graft. Then you will get the fruits much faster.

Types of hawthorn

First of all, in the gardens you can find common hawthorn. It is a shrub up to 5 meters high, thorny and adapted to life in any conditions. Red berries with yellow flesh. Hawthorn Paul Scarlet will be a wonderful decoration for your garden. It is impossible not to notice him in the garden. Raspberry and white inflorescences, terry and fluffy, are truly beautiful. Another species with decorative flowering is Tricolor hawthorn. It has red flowers turning white towards the center. Blood red hawthorn flowers are white with purple stamens. More used as ornamental plant although the fruits are edible. Bred as a hybrid of mountain ash. Semi-soft hawthorn is very common in our area. It has orange tasty fruits, the flesh is yellow. The tree grows tall, up to 8 meters. On Sakhalin and Kamchatka, another interesting species grows called green hawthorn. It gives unusual, but very tasty black berries.

Composition of fruits

However, not only because of the beauty of flowering bushes, we breed this plant in garden plots. Blood red hawthorn fruits are very useful and help fight diseases. At the same time, not only fruits are useful. Hawthorn flowers contain quercetin, orientin, homoorientin, phenolic acids (chlorogenic, coffee). It is also impossible not to say about amines, choline, acetylcholine.
No less rich are the fruits of hawthorn. They contain organic acids, pectic substances, fruit acids, as well as vitamins A, C, E and K, B vitamins, fructose and essential oils.

Useful and medicinal properties

It is not for nothing that our ancestors began to cultivate this plant, and modern breeders bred blood-red hawthorn. Its medicinal properties are truly grandiose, but at the same time, active substances act as gently as possible, without harming the body. It is generally accepted that the fruits act on the cardiovascular system, this is true. These berries significantly eliminate heart rhythm disturbances, and also increase the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels. There is another truly magical property. Thanks to the triterpene compounds and flavonoids contained in the fruits, the effect of expanding the vessels of the brain is achieved.

Indications for use

Most often, hawthorn is recommended for various diseases and pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Moreover, the list of indications includes not only angina pectoris, arrhythmia and coronaritis, but also vegotovascular dystonia, as well as hypertension. Hawthorn fruits and preparations made on its basis treat tachycardia and general atherosclerosis, nervous excitement, insomnia and poor sleep.


Fruit juice has a positive effect on the heart. Often people note that blood pressure returns to normal. One of the most common indications is the treatment of the central nervous system and genitourinary organs. In patients, sleep is normalized, recovery after serious illnesses is easier.

Hedge

Indeed, this beautiful plant is often used to create a living fence. Particularly well in this role showed hawthorn single-piston. It is a fast-growing and unpretentious shrub that tolerates pruning well, releasing a dense wall of shoots. At the same time, not only the growth rate is considered the main advantage of the variety. Its berries have a high medicinal value. They are used to prevent and treat heart disease.

Summing up

Hawthorn is a spectacular decoration for the garden, and in addition, a source of healthy and very tasty berries. They can be eaten fresh or prepared for the winter. Medicinal tinctures and simply tasty and healthy compotes are prepared from berries. Given the high yield of the plant, it is safe to say that one bush in your summer cottage is enough to satisfy the needs of the family.

Hawthorn: from the wild to cultivated gardens



For many centuries, hawthorn was considered a wild plant with all the disadvantages of "wild" - low yield, low taste. But this is an extremely useful plant, the fruits of which are edible, tasty, used fresh and as a raw material for jams, jams and compotes. Leaves and flowers are considered medicinal. Work to improve the qualities of natural wild-growing hawthorn has been going on for a long time, and today varieties have been bred that can be considered the most advanced.

The first surviving written references that mankind knew hawthorn as a powerful medicinal plant date back to the era Ancient Greece. Europeans recognized the culture of healing in the early Middle Ages. In Russia, the hawthorn has a folk name - the lady, the noblewoman, the noblewoman-tree, and it is treated with reverence and respect.

General properties for all species and varieties of hawthorn

In total, about 200 species of this plant are known in the world with a very significant difference in appearance and sizes - from undersized bushes to tall trees. Many of them are exotic plants for us. 47 species grow in Russia. The most common of them are prickly hawthorn, spotted hawthorn and blood red hawthorn.



Hawthorn - an ornamental plant with useful berries

Hawthorn is a hardy plant with a powerful root system covering the area under the crown with a diameter of up to 4 m to a considerable depth. This allows you to provide the bush with the necessary nutrients and moisture in the most meager soil and in dry years. It does not freeze even in very cold winters, therefore the distribution area in the northern regions is much further than other fruit trees.



Hawthorn does not like shading

Resistant to all diseases and pests. He does not like shading, especially from the south, therefore it is impossible to plant hawthorn near the northern walls of buildings, especially tall ones. Raw lowlands, strongly acidified soils are also contraindicated.

Varieties of hawthorn can be divided into three types - fruit, decorative-fruit and decorative. Although, of course, fruit varieties have their own decorative value. However, it is important to understand why a tree is planted - for harvest or for beauty.

A fruit variety, selected by selecting the best yielding specimens from semi-soft hawthorn. The most outstanding in fruit quality and yield. The berries are large, red, very tasty. In favorable conditions, it produces fruits no less than cherries, sweet cherries and plums that are widespread in gardens. The bush is more prickly than other varieties, which makes it difficult to collect. It ripens late, berries can be picked up to severe frosts.

An excellent decorative variety of Canadian selection. In terms of winter hardiness, it is in no way inferior to local varieties. Used in landscape design in gardens and parks, but as a separate tree, because it does not like shading and grows well in areas completely open to the sun. It can grow up to 6-7 m in height. It looks very impressive in a standard form. It has a spreading crown, most often forms a powerful bush, but sometimes it can grow with one trunk. The fruits are red, round, large, but very few.



Toba hawthorn flowers change color from white to pink during flowering

It bears fruit well, but also has decorative value. The form, like that of the Toba variety, can be both bushy and tree-like with one trunk, but Daursky is shorter than Toba, on average by 1–2 m. It has spines up to 2.5 cm long. It blooms with white flowers in mid-May. The fruits ripen in September. They are in the form of an ellipse, about 1 cm thick, can be different in color - yellow, orange and red.

Variety Daursky is widely distributed beyond the Urals, in Siberia and Far East, as well as outside of Russia, in Mongolia and China.



The leaves of the Daursky variety have a specific lilac shade.

Paul Scarlett

Noticed among fellows and singled out as a variety back in the 19th century. It grows either as a shrub or as a tree with one trunk. Not the tallest. The crown is oval, very dense, it can grow up to 3 m wide. It blooms at the usual time for all varieties, in mid-May-early June, but the duration of flowering is longer, almost 2 weeks. The flowers are rare for hawthorn rich crimson-red color. It differs from other varieties in that it is not so picky about the sun, it tolerates shading. Paul Scarlett produces little fruit, therefore it can be considered an ornamental variety.



Blooming Hawthorn Paul Scarlett lasts almost 2 weeks

It differs from other varieties in the shape and size of the crown and leaves. Undersized, no more than 3 m, does not grow as a bush, but only as a tree. Crown even without pruning and forming a decorative spherical shape.



Variety Volzhsky is distinguished by carved leaves similar to maple

The name indicates the place of origin. Distributed in the Volga region. Valuable for durability, retains decorative qualities up to 40 years. More than others resistant to diseases and pests.

How to plant hawthorn

Hawthorn is propagated by seedlings, cuttings, layering, seeds and grafting.

The easiest and most reliable way is to find and dig up a single seedling or 2-3-year-old root shoot. It is even easier to buy a varietal seedling grown in a nursery. Two year olds do best.

cuttings

Propagation of hawthorn by cuttings is justified only if you need to preserve an almost extinct or rare variety, whose seedlings are difficult to find. Hawthorn cuttings take root very poorly, there is always a large percentage of waste. From the beginning of cuttings to obtaining full-fledged seedlings, 4 years pass. And no one can guarantee the successful result of this many years of work, even if long and complex agronomic procedures are strictly observed.

Much easier and more rewarding is propagation by layering.

1. In late spring or early summer, 1–2-year-old shoots are found on an adult hawthorn bush.
2. Prepare a groove with a depth of 10-12 cm.
3. An escape is bent into it and pinned to the ground with a metal bracket, covered with earth, leaving only the crown with 5–8 leaves on the surface.
4. Before filling the shoot, it is pulled at the base with soft knitting wire to reduce the flow of nutrients from the mother plant. This will speed up the formation of the layering of its own roots.
5. In dry summers, layering is periodically watered.
6. So that the branch does not become bare, it is necessary to add earth, you can pour mulch on top - humus, peat, rotted sawdust, needles.
7. As a result, by the fall you will receive a rooted layer, which can be immediately transplanted to a permanent place.

In some cases, rooting is carried out not one, but two seasons. For example, if some layers have a weak root system.



By autumn, the twig will release independent roots.

Reproduction by root shoots

In late August - early September, young shoots are found that have grown near the main trunk. Dig up with young roots, trying not to damage the horizontal old root of the mother plant. Planted in a temporary place. Already next spring, the viability of the seedling will be visible. If it is alive and continues to grow, it will be possible to transplant it to a permanent place immediately, with a large clod of earth, so as not to damage the small root system. You can transplant in the fall, and next spring, a year later.

For hawthorn grafting, the same general rules as for grafting any fruit trees. But there are some peculiarities.

• the best stock is either another hawthorn bush, which does not suit something, or a red mountain ash. Moreover, on the mountain ash, the survival rate is very high, and it is possible to grow a mountain ash rootstock very easily with root shoots;
• grafted on the first heat, but before the leaves bloom;
• 2-year-old branches about 1 cm thick are used, and side branches from the scion, as is done when grafting other trees, can not be removed.

Reproduction by seeds

Hawthorn seeds have a lot of "dummies" that are unable to germinate. Therefore, it is necessary to plant several seeds at a distance of 10–15 cm from each other.

Hawthorn seeds must be processed before planting

Seeds are prepared for planting in one of the following ways:

A tree from a seed grows for a very long time. The first two seasons, the shoot increases by only 10 cm per year. But from the third year it begins to grow rapidly.

Landing dates in different regions

Any seedlings - from cuttings, layering, root shoots, from seeds in the Central European part of Russia are planted both in spring (in mid-April) and in autumn (in mid-October). For the Moscow region, these terms should be adjusted by 5-7 days, for the North-West region - by 7-10 days towards a warmer period - in the spring towards the end of April, in the fall towards the beginning of October. To the south of the Chernozem region, these dates are shifted in the opposite direction. The further south, the earlier the landing is carried out in the spring and later in the fall.

Otherwise, the hawthorn care agrotechnology is the same for all regions of Russia where the hawthorn feels good, including Siberia and the Far East.

Features of care

Although hardy and unpretentious, it is important to remember that under optimal conditions, hawthorn grows better.

In the lighted space, the hawthorn, as a rule, itself forms the correct crown. Therefore, only over the years it requires sanitary and rejuvenating pruning. With sanitary pruning, all dry, broken and damaged branches are removed.

Anti-aging pruning is required for bushes with a solid age. Remove 1-2 old branches. Instead, new ones will grow and will also bear fruit.

Sometimes, if the bush grows too thick, it is necessary to remove the overgrown internal branches in order to increase the illumination inside the plant and increase fruiting.

Pruning ornamental varieties

Trimming ornamental bushes is done for completely different purposes - you need to give the crown the desired shape. Hawthorn tolerates any pruning easily and quickly forms new shoots. It is much easier to give a bush any shape than other types of plants. You can get a crown in the form of a ball or even a square, but this will require not only pruning, but also cutting foliage and shoots, and several times per season.

By itself, hawthorn can grow both in the form of a bush and in the form of a tree.

In order to be guaranteed to get a hawthorn in the form of a tree, from the very beginning of the growth of the seedling, they simply cut off all the branches coming from below, except for one, the central, most powerful and straight one. You can start turning a bush into a tree at a later age, but by doing so you will reduce the crown of the plant several times. Then a single trunk will form new branches, but this will take years.

Pruning of large branches is carried out in the cold season, when there is no sap flow. Haircut, on the contrary, in the warm period of growth.

To form a hawthorn on a trunk, you need to start pruning as early as possible

Lighting requirements and "living fences"

You can try to use hawthorn thickets as natural fences, impassable due to thorns. However, the plant loves good lighting, and the "hedge" requires a dense thickened planting. In the shade, it blooms and bears fruit much worse. An extensive root system requires space and planting patterns at least 3–4 m apart, and ideally about 5 m.

Of course, you can plant a hawthorn with a solid wall, but in the end you will get wild thickets of oppressed plants, in a competitive struggle for illumination, growing in all directions, including outside the site. The bushes will have to be regularly ennobled, cut, dig out the root shoots spreading in all directions, cut several times over the summer. And this is a lot of work and time, especially when you consider that you will have to work with thorny branches that are easy to get hurt.

Hawthorn hedge requires care and attention

Plant common hawthorn (lat. Crataegus laevigata), or prickly hawthorn, or hawthorn smoothed, or glod, or lady-tree is a species of the genus Hawthorn in the Rosaceae family. In the wild, it is found in North America, throughout Europe on the edges, in pine and deciduous forests, on heavy clay soils. The species name of the hawthorn translates as "strong", which indicates the quality of its wood, and perhaps the ability of the plant to live up to 400 years. Hawthorn does not require special care and is grown in culture as an ornamental and medicinal plant.

Planting and caring for hawthorn

• Landing: better in autumn, during the period of leaf fall, but it is possible in the spring, before the start of sap flow.
• Bloom: spring or early summer.
• Lighting: bright sunlight.
• The soil: heavy, well-drained fertile soils.
• Watering: in the normal season, one watering per month is enough at the expense of 1 bucket per adult bush. In drought, water more often.
• Top dressing: once a season, before flowering, a solution of mullein (1:10) is added to the soil.
• Pruning: spring, for sanitary purposes and for shaping the crown.
• Reproduction: seeds, root offspring, grafting, layering and cuttings.
• Pests: green apple aphid, comma-shaped apple scale insects, rose leafworms and hawthorn.
• Diseases: powdery mildew, ocher, brown, white, gray and yellow spots.
• Properties: Some types of hawthorn have healing properties.

Read more about growing hawthorn below.

Hawthorn plant - description

Most of the hawthorns are deciduous multi-stemmed trees, but there are also semi-evergreen plant species. Hawthorns reach a height of 3 to 5 m, but under optimal conditions they can grow up to 12 m. Their crown is round, dense, ovoid or spherical, often asymmetrical. The bark is gray or brown, fissured or ribbed, in some species it exfoliates in small plates. The branches are straight, zigzag or weeping. Young shoots - with felt pubescence or bare, purple-red. The branches of many species are equipped with leafless spines from 5 mm to 10 cm long, developing from axillary buds. Asian and European species of hawthorn have small or no spines.

Rounded, rhombic, elliptical or ovate hawthorn leaves with a pinnately incised, whole or lobed blade with serrated, serrated or dissected edges are arranged on the shoots in a spiral. The length of the leaves is from 1 to 12 cm, they can be naked or densely pubescent, petiolate or almost sessile. In autumn, the leaves of many species turn orange, purple or golden, but some species keep the leaves green until they fall.

White, pink or red hawthorn flowers 1-2 cm in diameter with five petals form complex corymbose or umbellate inflorescences. Sometimes they are multi-flowered, but in some species the flowers are solitary or collected in a bouquet of 2-3 pieces. The flowers contain dimethylamine, which gives them the smell of decaying fish. The flowering of hawthorn begins in spring or early summer.

Hawthorn fruits are spherical, pear-shaped or elongated small apples ranging in size from 5 mm to 4 cm. Several large trihedral seeds ripen inside the fruit. The color of the fruits depends on the type and variety of the plant: they can be red, bright orange, orange-yellow and almost black. The fruits ripen in September or October. The hawthorn reaches its maximum fruiting by 10 years.

We will tell you how to plant and care for hawthorn in open field: when and how to plant a plant, how and when hawthorn blooms, how to protect it from diseases and pests, when hawthorn can be transplanted, what types of hawthorn can be grown in culture, what is the use of hawthorn and who can it harm.

Planting hawthorn in open ground

When to plant hawthorn

In garden plots, hawthorn is planted, as a rule, to create an impenetrable hedge, as well as a separate plant to produce fruits. Planting is carried out in spring or autumn, and autumn planting, as in the case of other fruit trees, is preferable.

Hawthorn loves open sunny areas and heavy fertile soils with good drainage.

How to plant hawthorn

The choice of location and method of planting hawthorn depends on the purpose for which you grow it. If you are interested in a fruit harvest, then it is better to plant two or three plants at a distance of about two meters from each other - this way they will be better pollinated. To seal the landing pit, you need to prepare a mixture of peat, sand, humus, the top fertile layer of the earth and, with great care, add a little lime to it.

Planting a hawthorn for a hedge is carried out in a common trench 50 cm deep and wide. The seedlings are placed in it at a distance of about 50 cm from each other. When choosing a place for a hedge, try to avoid even the slightest shading, because trees will not develop in cramped quarters, and even in the shade.

The best planting material are two-year-old seedlings. For solo planting, pits are dug about 70 cm deep and wide, into which a layer of broken brick, crushed stone or gravel 15-20 cm thick is placed, and a layer of sand 5 cm thick is poured on top. The roots of the seedling are carefully straightened, placed in a hole and covered with the prepared soil mixture so that the root neck is 3-5 cm above the surface level. After planting, the seedlings are watered abundantly, and when the water is absorbed, the near-stem area is mulched with a layer of compost, peat or humus at least 5 cm thick, and the seedling shoots are shortened to 10 cm.

Hawthorn care in the garden

How to grow hawthorn

Hawthorn care consists of the usual procedures for any gardener: watering, loosening the soil and weeding in the near-stem circle, top dressing, pruning and measures to protect the plant from diseases and pests. It is very important to follow general condition hawthorn and cut diseased, drying, thickening and competing branches and shoots in a timely manner.

If you want to give the crown of the tree a certain shape, you will need to carry out formative pruning, and it is better to do it in the spring, as well as sanitary cleaning. It is more convenient to grow a hawthorn in the form of a bush, for which 5-6 skeletal branches are left for it, maintaining their height with pruning at the level of 2-2.5 m. bushes within 50-70 cm.

As for soil moisture, in a normal summer, one watering per month is enough for hawthorn at a consumption of 1 bucket of water per adult bush. If the summer turns out to be sultry, then watering can be made more frequent. After moistening, the soil in the near-trunk circle should be loosened to a depth of 10-15 cm. In autumn, the hawthorn is dug around the perimeter of the crown to the depth of a spade bayonet.

Growing and caring for hawthorn involves only one top dressing during the growing season - before flowering. As a fertilizer, it is best to use a solution of mullein (dilute 1 part of cow dung in 10 parts of water). This nutrition should be enough for the plant for the whole season.

hawthorn transplant

If you have a need to transplant a hawthorn in the garden, then you need to prepare a new hole for it in advance, and only then proceed with the transplant. When is the best time to transplant hawthorn? As early as possible, because by the age of 5 he already has a long and powerful root.

Prepare a nutritious soil mixture for the hawthorn. Dig the bush along the projection of the crown perimeter, trying not to disturb the roots, pry the earthen ball with a shovel and, tilting the plant, pull the bush out of the ground, put it on a spread cloth or film, drag it to a new hole, treat the exposed roots with Kornevin's solution and plant the bush in a new place .

Pests and diseases of hawthorn

Caring for a hawthorn flower provides for the organization of its protection from harmful insects and diseases.

Hawthorn is affected by the same pests and diseases as other fruit trees: cherry, plum, pear, apple, apricot, cherry plum, peach and others.

But still, more often he suffers from diseases such as powdery mildew, ocher, brown, white, gray and yellow spotting, and of the pests, the green apple aphid, comma-shaped apple scale insect, rose leafworm and hawthorn are the most dangerous for the plant.

powdery mildew forms a white cobweb or gray felt coating on the leaves and shoots of hawthorn, which darkens and dries out over time, twisting the leaves and deforming the shoots. The affected shoots must be cut out, and the hawthorn should be treated with Cumulus, Vectra or Skor. After two weeks, the treatment of the plant with fungicides should be repeated.

ocher spotting appears on the leaf plates of the plant in the middle of summer with brown or ocher spots without a clear border, which is why the leaves dry prematurely and fall off.

brown spotting looks like rounded or angular brown spots up to 6 mm in diameter with a dark border on the upper side of the hawthorn leaves. In places where they formed, the leaves begin to dry.

gray spotting- These are numerous rounded gray spots with a dark border on the leaves. The active period of the disease is observed at the end of summer.

white spotting manifests itself by mid-summer as small rounded brown spots, the middle of which gradually turns white, and the edges remain dark.

yellow spotting It is diagnosed by the appearance of large yellow spots on the upper side of the leaves, which eventually become purple-brown in a yellow halo. And on the underside of the spots, the fruiting bodies of the fungus are formed. Leaves turn yellow and fall off.

In the fight against all types of spotting, hawthorn is treated with a one percent Bordeaux mixture or copper oxychloride. For preventive purposes, such treatments are carried out in the spring before the buds swell and in the fall after leaf fall. In addition, it is necessary to remove plant debris after pruning the hawthorn, and in the fall to rake and destroy the fallen leaves.

green apple aphid damages the young organs of the plant, sucking the juice out of them, causing the leaves to curl up and fade prematurely, and the shoots are deformed. Aphids can be destroyed with a solution of 20 g of Karbofos in 10 liters of water or folk remedies- garlic or tobacco infusion with soap. And as a preventive measure, a good result is the treatment of hawthorn with Nitrafen before the leaves bloom.

rose leaf lays eggs in the bark of trees, and the caterpillars that appear from them eat out the buds of the plant, wrap the leaves, and gnaw through the ovaries. To combat the leafworm, hawthorn is treated with a solution of 20 g of Chlorophos in 10 liters of water, and pest prevention consists in spraying the plant before the start of sap flow with Nitrafen.

hawthorn- the butterfly feeds on the nectar of hawthorn flowers and lays eggs on the upper side of the leaves, and the caterpillars eat the buds and leaves. The pest is destroyed before flowering and after it by treatment with Karbofos or Chlorophos (20 g per 10 l of water).

Scale apple comma-shaped- a small sucking insect that feeds, like aphids, on the cell sap of leaves and shoots of hawthorn. You can get rid of it by treating the plant with Karbofos, Fufanon, Aktara or Actellik.

Types and varieties of hawthorn

Of the many types of plants, in addition to prickly hawthorn, several more species are grown in culture:

differs from other species in three-lobed leaves resembling viburnum leaves. In nature, it can be found in the Midwest of the United States. It is a tree up to 12 m high with straight spines up to 5 cm long. Pear hawthorn flowers are collected in multi-flowered corymbose inflorescences, and bright red fruits reach a diameter of 5-8 mm. The disadvantage of pear hawthorn is its low winter hardiness, therefore it is not grown in the middle lane;

Soft hawthorn (Crataegus submollis)

or semi-soft hawthorn is a typical representative of the North American flora. This tree is up to 8 m high with a dense crown in the shape of a tent. Its leaves are ovate, dark green, with three to four pairs of lobes, at first strongly pubescent, but with age the pubescence remains only along the veins. Leaves turn red-brown in autumn. Large flowers of soft hawthorn, up to 2.5 cm in diameter, on thin and long pedicels, collected in ten to fifteen-flowered corymbose inflorescences with felt pubescence. The fruits are orange-red, up to 2 cm in diameter, with mealy tasty yellow pulp. This species is most decorative during the fruiting period. In culture since 1830;

often called Chinese, because in nature it grows in the Amur region, Primorye, Korea and Northeast China. This is a winter-hardy, moisture-loving and undemanding to the composition of the soil, strongly branched plant with a height of 4 to 6 m with a spreading crown, dark gray bark, with a small number of spines about 2 cm long. It has medium-sized shiny bright green pinnately dissected leaves and bright red pear-shaped or spherical fruits up to 17 mm in diameter, dotted with small white warts. Decorative tree throughout the season. Cultivated since 1860;

or "spur" originally from the eastern part of the USA, where it grows along river valleys, edges, slopes of mountains and valleys. In height, plants of this species reach from 6 to 12 m. Their crown is wide-spreading, with drooping branches dotted with slightly curved, cock-spur-like spines up to 10 cm long. The leaves are whole, 8-10 cm long, bare, leathery, elongated. obovate, with uneven sharp teeth along the edges, dark green, but in autumn they become bright orange. White flowers up to 2 cm in diameter in the amount of 15-20 pieces are collected in shields. The fruits that ripen in the third decade of September and remain on the hawthorn throughout the winter can be of different colors - from whitish-greenish to dull red. The plant is drought-resistant, normally tolerates the conditions of the city, but its frost resistance is low. Cultivated since 1656;

Green hawthorn (Crataegus chlorosarca)

originally from the forests of Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the Kuriles and Japan. This species grows in a bush, reaching a height of 4 to 6 m. The bark on the trunk and old branches is gray, and young shoots are dark purple in thorns up to 15 mm long. The leaves are ovate, with a wide base and a sharp apex, lobed, glabrous or pubescent, and the pile on the underside of the plate is thick, and scattered on the top. White flowers with dark anthers of stamens form dense corymbs. The black spherical fruits have tasty green flesh, which is why the hawthorn is called green-meat. Cultivated since 1880;

found in the wild in the Caucasus, in the southern regions of the European part of Russia and in Central Asia. According to biological features, this species is close to prickly hawthorn, but differs from it in its rapid growth and pinkish color of flowers. The life expectancy of a plant is 200-300 years. In height, the tree reaches from 3 to 6 m, but in favorable conditions it can grow even higher. It has a symmetrical rounded tent-shaped crown, bare shoots in a few spines up to 1 cm long, rhombic or ovoid leaves and inflorescences of 10-18 flowers. In the fruit of the hawthorn, only one seed ripens. This species has forms with double pink and white flowers. Of the garden forms, the most common are:

• pyramidal - a plant with a crown in the shape of a pyramid;
• weeping - a bush with branches lowered down;
• crimson (with single dark red flowers);
• pink weeping (with pink flowers and branches lowered down);
• pink - pink flower petals with white stripes;
• white terry - with double white flowers;
• red terry;
• always blooming - an elegant plant that blooms throughout the summer;
• split-leaved - hawthorn with deeply dissected pinnate leaves;
• white-motley - a form with variegated leaves;
• thornless.

By hybridization, a variety of hawthorn rosea Flore Pleno was bred with double flowers of dark pink color.

As for the varieties of prickly hawthorn, the description of which we gave at the beginning of the article, decorative forms Bicolor (white flowers with red edges), Pauli (with double shiny crimson-red flowers), oak-leaved and golden (with yellow fruits) are most often grown. The following varieties of prickly hawthorn are also of interest:

• Paulz Scarlet- an ornamental plant 3-4 m high with an asymmetric wide crown and double flowers of a carmine shade. The leaves of this cultivar are three to five lobed, dark green on the upper side and lighter on the underside. Fruits are spherical or ovoid, red-brown, slightly shimmering with silver;
• Arnold- large-fruited hawthorn with thick cranked shoots, rough grayish bark, rounded leaves, thorns up to 9 cm long, white flowers in corymbose inflorescences and sweet and sour fruits with 3-4 seeds.

In addition to the species described, in the culture there are Altai, Crimean, scarlet, fan-shaped, Daurian, Douglas, blood-red, or Siberian, round-leaved, green-fruited, five-petal, large-anthered, or large-thorn hawthorn, Maksimovich, Pontic, Poyarkova, riverine and some others.

Properties of hawthorn - harm and benefit

Useful properties of hawthorn

From the beginning of the 16th century, hawthorn began to be used in medicine as an astringent for intestinal disorders. Since the 19th century, tea from its flowers and leaves has been used to purify the blood, and since the beginning of the 20th, the flowers and fruits of the plant have been used for diseases of the vessels and heart.

Not all types of hawthorn have the same healing power. The most pronounced medicinal properties hawthorns are distinguished by blood-red, common, Daurian, green-fruited, five-petaled and single-petaled hawthorns. For the manufacture of medicines flowers and fruits of hawthorn are used.

The composition of hawthorn fruits includes sugars - mainly fructose, so they can be eaten by diabetics - and a whole range of biologically active substances: triterpene, as well as wine, coffee, chlorogenic and citric acid, acetylcholine, choline, quercetin, tannins, phytosterols, fatty oil, sorbitol and vitamins A, P and C.

The use of hawthorn has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the heart, and the fruits of the plant and preparations from them do not possess side effects. Hawthorn is also shown to the elderly as a prophylactic, since it strengthens the heart muscle, prevents changes in the coronary vessels, accelerates blood flow, normalizes and stabilizes blood pressure, relieves fatigue, irritability and anxiety.

The most famous preparation of hawthorn is tincture. At home, it can be prepared in two ways:

• 100 (150) g ​​of dried fruits should be crushed well with a wooden mortar, placed in a glass dish, pour 1 liter of alcohol (vodka), cork tightly and place in a dark, cool place for three weeks, then strain through gauze;
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Large-fruited hawthorn should be grown in every garden. Effective as a solitary plant. Planting in one row along the border of the site will create an impenetrable hedge. It is beautiful when in bloom and delights the eye in autumn when it is studded with red fruits and the leaves change color to autumn tones. The fruits are edible and have medicinal properties. He does not need special care, he is winter-hardy and drought-resistant.

Types of hawthorn

When choosing hawthorn for planting in the garden, you should pay attention to the most unpretentious species with large fruits and high yields: pinnatifid hawthorn, softish and American Arnold.

The only requirement: landing in places well lit by the sun, ground water should not pass close to the surface. Maintenance is minimal, these garden trees do not require much attention.

Description of hawthorn Arnold
The Arnold species looks like a soft hawthorn. Its branches are more sinuous. Fruits on top are covered with long white hairs. The pulp of the fruit is pink. It bears fruit in the first half of September and quickly crumbles.

Hawthorn softish
It grows in the form of a tree with a height of 6 to 10 meters. The crown naturally forms in the form of a rounded tent. The shoots are sinuous, covered with long spines, 6-8 cm in size. The spines are shiny brown, can be straight or curved. The leaves are ovoid, 3-4 cm wide, and 3 to 7 cm long. The edge of the leaf is serrate.
Care is not difficult, fruiting begins 6 years after planting. The fruits are large, up to 2 cm in diameter, orange-red. Their shape is round or pear-shaped. The pulp is powdery, yellow in color, pleasant to the taste.

Pinnatifid far eastern
Hawthorn pinnate is a tree 4-5 meters high. Because of the overgrowth, it often grows in the form of a branched bush. Spines are rare and sharp. They are short, only 1-2 cm, sometimes they may not be at all. It differs from other types of hawthorn in the shape of the leaves. They are dissected into 5 or 7 lobes. The blades are slightly wavy, serrated, which makes them look like feathers. The leaves are large, 8 long and 5 cm wide. The upper part of the leaves is saturated green with a sheen, and the lower part is lighter.
Its flowers smell unpleasant, but the flowering period is short, no more than 5 days. Fruits are 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter. The fruits are covered with white pimples, the flesh is red. Their taste improves when they are slightly overripe.
Hawthorn pinnatifida is recommended for growing in areas where night frosts occur in spring. Due to late flowering, in June, it does not fall under spring frosts, which has a positive effect on productivity. Berries do not fall until winter.

Garden hawthorn is propagated in two ways: by seeds and vegetatively.

How to grow hawthorn from seeds

This is a more time consuming method, it will take patience and proper care for young seedlings. Hawthorn pits are covered with a dense peel and a thick protective layer. This hinders gas permeability, and therefore the embryo is in a state of deep dormancy. The awakening process lasts about 2-3 years, seedlings appear unevenly. Large seeds may not sprout at all.
Stratification helps speed up germination. To do this, the bones are mixed with peat. 4 months kept in a wet state at a temperature of 20 - 25 ° C, then cleaned in a cool place for 6-7 months. The temperature must be maintained between 4° and 7°. After stratification, they are again brought into heat.

If instead of a peat mixture, planting is carried out in sand, the awakening period increases by 1-2 months.
There are several ways to shorten the process:

• the seed is washed in a large amount of running water, and then dried at a temperature of about 50 ° C;
• to soften and destroy the hard shell, soak in hydrochloric acid for 20 minutes;
• cut off the top of the bone with a sharp pruner;
• seeds are taken from large unripe fruits, when the shell has not yet hardened.

For sowing, you should take seeds two to three times more than necessary. Part of the planting material is often barren.

Vegetative reproduction

When cutting down an old tree, dormant buds wake up, from which many shoots grow. The shoot, which has grown its own roots, is an excellent planting material. She takes root well and retains all maternal properties.
Planting green cuttings is less effective: rooting is difficult and survival is minimal.

Growing seedlings

The sprouted seedlings must be grown on the shkolka. This process is lengthy and takes three to four years. During this period, regular care is needed: weeding, loosening and top dressing. The first year the earth must be constantly kept moist, in the second year it is watered infrequently, but plentifully.
The main fertilizer during the growing period is nitrogen. It helps the development of seedlings, improves the absorption of nutrients from the soil, protects plants from diseases. It is applied in liquid form during irrigation.
From the second year of cultivation, they begin to form a crown. If the plant will continue to grow as a single plant, or is necessary to create a landscape composition, then it is advisable to form a small stem by cutting off the lower branches. Then the plant is allowed to grow in a free form.

If planting a hawthorn involves the creation of a hedge, then the top of the plants is shortened to enhance the growth of lateral shoots. This procedure is repeated every year.

Disembarkation to a permanent place

Plant a garden hawthorn in a sunny place. Landing in the shade or penumbra does not allow him to fully develop. The lack of sun reduces the yield, and sometimes there are no fruits at all. The soil should be fertile and moderately heavy. Acidic soils need to be limed. Landing is carried out in pre-dug holes, 60x60 cm in size, of the same depth. When planting in groups, the distance between the trees is left at least 4 meters. To create a hedge, plant often, 50 cm apart. When planting, the root neck should remain strictly at ground level.

Read also: Features of growing hawthorn odnopistil

Hawthorn Care

A good quality seedling, planted according to all the rules, in a suitable place, does not require special attention.

• Care for him consists in sanitary pruning, which can be carried out at any time of the year. The shaping of the hedge, or trimming the bushes to suit the landscape design, is done in the spring.
• It is necessary to weed the trunk circles and loosen the soil. This care can be reduced to a minimum by covering the soil with a layer of mulch and periodically updating it.
• Top dressing is carried out once, before flowering. Dilute manure with water in a ratio of 1:10. One bucket of fertilizer is enough for one tree.
• Hawthorn is a drought-resistant plant. It is necessary to water it only in hot summer and during a long period of lack of rain.

If the soil in your area is very light, with a predominance of sand, then in the heat you will have to water more often, 2-3 times a month. The same applies to supplements. In the fall, you will have to bring humus under the tree and dig a shovel onto a bayonet.
Hawthorn is subject to the same diseases as apple trees. Carrying out preventive care for apple trees, do not bypass the hawthorn.

Every spring, before bud break, spray the trees with 3% Bordeaux mixture. If in the summer you notice signs of diseases, then you need to re-treat, but prepare the Bordeaux mixture at a lower concentration - 1%.

Dry branches should be cut in a timely manner. In autumn, fallen leaves and old mulch should be collected from under the trees and burned. Fresh compost and digging will prevent pest larvae from overwintering in tree trunks.

Useful and medicinal properties

Flowers and leaves of hawthorn have healing properties. Tinctures are made from them, dried for tea. The fruits contain many vitamins, which are preserved in dried berries.
Hawthorn is useful for vegetative-vascular dystonia, mild disorders in the work of the heart, strengthens blood vessels, and has calming properties. But, it can be used as a medicine only after consulting a doctor. But how vitamin tea, which increases efficiency, normalizes blood pressure, saves from insomnia, you can drink it every day.
Leaves and flowers are harvested to make tea in the spring. Flowers are most useful when they have not fully blossomed. Dry them in the shade, in a warm, ventilated room, spreading them out in a thin layer. Periodically, you should shake slightly. Store in glass jars with the lid closed.
The fruits are dried in autumn. More valuable substances are preserved when drying in an oven at a minimum temperature, or in a special dryer for vegetables and fruits.
Hawthorn tea can be prepared with the addition of other herbs and fruits. Ivan tea, dried raspberries, rose hips, mint, lemon balm, thyme - there are many options. Experiment and find your own version.

The only rule when making tea is that the dry mixture should not exceed 1/5 of the volume of the teapot. Exceeding the norm can be harmful to health.

There are many benefits in frozen hawthorn. It is slightly defrosted and twisted in a meat grinder along with lemon. Then a little honey is added - a vitamin mixture is obtained. For use, 2 teaspoons are diluted in warm water and drunk at any time.

Read also: Gravilat perennial - planting and care

Delicious hawthorn jam

The jam takes a little time to make, but it's worth it. The jam is pitted, and it can be used as a filling for pies, served with pancakes or pancakes, and consumed as a separate dessert.
For jam you need: 1 kg of hawthorn, 2 glasses of water, 900 g of sugar, and juice of one medium-sized lemon (about 50 - 70 ml). Proportions can be changed to taste and other fruits and berries can be added.

1. It is best to collect the largest fruits.
2. We remove the tails and sepals from them, rinse in cool water.
3. Place in a large saucepan and add water to cover the fruit.
4. Cook over low heat for as long as it takes for the hawthorn to become soft.
5. Then we select the fruits with a slotted spoon and wipe them through a sieve or colander with a wooden pusher.
6. Add the broth in which it was boiled earlier and sugar to the puree.
7. Cook until it starts to thicken.
8. Squeeze the juice of the lemon and pour it into the puree. Lemon skin can be cut into small pieces and added there too. But this is an amateur.